IEC TR 60479-4-2011 Effects of current on human beings and livestock - Part 4 Effects of lightning strokes《电流对人体和牲畜的影响.第4部分 雷击影响》.pdf

1、 IEC/TR 60479-4 Edition 2.0 2011-0 TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE Effects of current on human beings and livestock Part 4: Effects of lightning strokes Effets du courant sur le corps humain et sur les animaux domestiques Partie 4: Effets de la foudre IEC/TR 60479-4:2011 colour inside THIS PUBLIC

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16、actez-nous: Email: csciec.ch Tl.: +41 22 919 02 11 Fax: +41 22 919 03 00 IEC/TR 60479-4 Edition 2.0 2011-0 TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE Effects of current on human beings and livestock Part 4: Effects of lightning strokes Effets du courant sur le corps humain et sur les animaux domestiques Par

17、tie 4: Effets de la foudre INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION COMMISSION ELECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE S ICS 13.200; 29.020 PRICE CODE CODE PRIX ISBN 978-2-88912-694-1 Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission Marque dpose de la Commission Electrotechnique Intern

18、ationale colour inside 2 TR 60479-4 IEC:2011 CONTENTS FOREWORD . 3 INTRODUCTION . 5 1 Scope and object 6 2 Normative references . 6 3 Terms and definitions . 6 4 Physics of lightning 9 5 Interaction of strokes with human beings and livestock . 10 5.1 General . 10 5.2 Description of direct strike . 1

19、0 5.3 Description of contact voltage . 11 5.4 Description of side flash 12 5.5 Description of step-voltage 13 5.6 Description of streamer shock . 15 5.7 Description of flashover . 16 6 Effects of lightning strokes on the body of human beings and livestock 16 6.1 General . 16 6.2 Physiological effect

20、s 16 6.3 Pathophysiological effects . 17 6.4 Thermal effects . 17 6.5 Comparison between effects of electric shock derived from electrical systems and lightning 17 6.6 Percentage occurrence . 17 Bibliography 20 Figure 1 Categorization of lightning 4 . 10 Figure 2 Direct stroke 11 Figure 3 Contact vo

21、ltage 12 Figure 4 Side flash . 13 Figure 5 Step voltage . 14 Figure 6 Step voltage on quadrupeds . 14 Figure 7 Step voltage with side flash 15 Figure 8 Upward streamer current 16 Table 1 Causes of lightning death and most typical reported consequent disorders 11-16, 20 18 Table 2 Differences between

22、 low voltage and high voltage injuries from electrical systems, and lightning injuries 1, 11-16, 20 19 TR 60479-4 IEC:2011 3 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION _ EFFECTS OF CURRENT ON HUMAN BEINGS AND LIVESTOCK Part 4: Effects of lightning strokes FOREWORD 1) The International Electrotechnica

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33、blication may be the subject of patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. The main task of IEC technical committees is to prepare International Standards. However, a technical committee may propose the publication of a technical report when it ha

34、s collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard, for example “state of the art“. IEC/TR 60479-4, which is a technical report, has been prepared by technical committee No.64: Electrical installations and protection against electric shock. This s

35、econd edition cancels and replaces the first edition, published in 2004 and constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: the report has been completed with additional information on the influences and effect

36、s of natural electricity in the form of lightning strokes during thunderstorms; the definitions and technical terms have been updated; 4 TR 60479-4 IEC:2011 the explanation of the basic physical mechanisms for the dynamics of lightning where specified; the references to the relevant literature and t

37、he list of bibliography are updated; figures showing the current path during different interactions of lightning with the victims body are updated. The text of this technical report is based on the following documents: Enquiry draft Report on voting 64/1772/DTR 64/1804/RVC Full information on the vo

38、ting for the approval of this technical report can be found in the report on voting indicated in the above table. This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. A list of all the parts in the IEC 60479 series, under the general title Effects of current on human

39、beings and livestock, can be found on the IEC website. The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until the stability date indicated on the IEC web site under “http:/webstore.iec.ch“ in the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the publica

40、tion will be reconfirmed, withdrawn, replaced by a revised edition, or amended. IMPORTANT The colour inside logo on the cover page of this publication indicates that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding of its contents. Users should therefore print this

41、 document using a colour printer. TR 60479-4 IEC:2011 5 INTRODUCTION IEC 60479-1, IEC 60479-2 and IEC 60479-3 deal with the effect of electric shock derived from electrical systems on the bodies of human beings and livestock. This part of IEC 60479, which is a technical report, describes the influen

42、ce and effect of natural electricity in the form of lightning strokes during thunderstorms. Lightning current can consist of several uni-polar and/or bi-polar impulses with different peak values and durations; Clause 6 of IEC/TS 60479- 2:200724 1does not cover these effects. The interaction of a lig

43、htning stroke with the victims body is quite different from the usual experience with electric shock derived from electrical systems. The pathway often includes the head in lightning accidents. The importance of the cranial orifices as points of entry of lightning current has been noted, and from th

44、ese the proximity of the pathway to the brainstem. The brain stem includes the respiratory centre, in contrast with pathways of shock current arising from electrical systems. In particular it should be pointed out that differences exist between accidents caused by a direct flash compared with those

45、interactions which are caused by step voltages. Even very short single impulses of lightning can cause cardiopulmonary arrest 5, 6, 15 and 16. The intense electric interactions with living organisms are very dangerous but, surprisingly in many cases, not always lethal. It is accepted that more than

46、90 % of lightning accidents involving humans are not fatal 1, 12. Corresponding reliable data for livestock is not known. There is a large variation in outcome due to different environments, different activities of people and knowledge of first aid and quality of medical care 1, 5. It has been neces

47、sary, therefore, to create a separate standard concerning the special effects of lightning strokes. The physical behaviour of lightning is shown as a basis. The interaction with a living body is then described, followed by the consequences for the life of the victim. _ 1References in square brackets

48、 refer to the bibliography. 6 TR 60479-4 IEC:2011 EFFECTS OF CURRENT ON HUMAN BEINGS AND LIVESTOCK Part 4: Effects of lightning strokes 1 Scope and object This part of IEC 60479, which is a technical report, summarizes the basic parameters for lightning and their variability insofar as they apply to

49、 human beings and livestock. The possible direct and indirect interactions of strikes with bodies of living beings are indicated and the resulting effects caused by lightning currents for the organism are described. The object of this report is to show the differences of effects on human beings and livestock due to lightning strokes versus those effects of electric