1、 IEC/TR 60479-4 Edition 2.0 2011-0 TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE Effects of current on human beings and livestock Part 4: Effects of lightning strokes Effets du courant sur le corps humain et sur les animaux domestiques Partie 4: Effets de la foudre IEC/TR 60479-4:2011 colour inside THIS PUBLIC
2、ATION IS COPYRIGHT PROTECTED Copyright 2011 IEC, Geneva, Switzerland All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing f
3、rom either IEC or IECs member National Committee in the country of the requester. If you have any questions about IEC copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication, please contact the address below or your local IEC member National Committee for further informati
4、on. Droits de reproduction rservs. Sauf indication contraire, aucune partie de cette publication ne peut tre reproduite ni utilise sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procd, lectronique ou mcanique, y compris la photocopie et les microfilms, sans laccord crit de la CEI ou du Comit national d
5、e la CEI du pays du demandeur. Si vous avez des questions sur le copyright de la CEI ou si vous dsirez obtenir des droits supplmentaires sur cette publication, utilisez les coordonnes ci-aprs ou contactez le Comit national de la CEI de votre pays de rsidence. IEC Central Office 3, rue de Varemb CH-1
6、211 Geneva 20 Switzerland Email: inmailiec.ch Web: www.iec.ch About the IEC The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies. About IEC publications The t
7、echnical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC. Please make sure that you have the latest edition, a corrigenda or an amendment might have been published. Catalogue of IEC publications: www.iec.ch/searchpub The IEC on-line Catalogue enables you to search by a variety o
8、f criteria (reference number, text, technical committee,). It also gives information on projects, withdrawn and replaced publications. IEC Just Published: www.iec.ch/online_news/justpub Stay up to date on all new IEC publications. Just Published details twice a month all new publications released. A
9、vailable on-line and also by email. Electropedia: www.electropedia.org The worlds leading online dictionary of electronic and electrical terms containing more than 20 000 terms and definitions in English and French, with equivalent terms in additional languages. Also known as the International Elect
10、rotechnical Vocabulary online. Customer Service Centre: www.iec.ch/webstore/custserv If you wish to give us your feedback on this publication or need further assistance, please visit the Customer Service Centre FAQ or contact us: Email: csciec.ch Tel.: +41 22 919 02 11 Fax: +41 22 919 03 00 A propos
11、 de la CEI La Commission Electrotechnique Internationale (CEI) est la premire organisation mondiale qui labore et publie des normes internationales pour tout ce qui a trait llectricit, llectronique et aux technologies apparentes. A propos des publications CEI Le contenu technique des publications de
12、 la CEI est constamment revu. Veuillez vous assurer que vous possdez ldition la plus rcente, un corrigendum ou amendement peut avoir t publi. Catalogue des publications de la CEI: www.iec.ch/searchpub/cur_fut-f.htm Le Catalogue en-ligne de la CEI vous permet deffectuer des recherches en utilisant di
13、ffrents critres (numro de rfrence, texte, comit dtudes,). Il donne aussi des informations sur les projets et les publications retires ou remplaces. Just Published CEI: www.iec.ch/online_news/justpub Restez inform sur les nouvelles publications de la CEI. Just Published dtaille deux fois par mois les
14、 nouvelles publications parues. Disponible en-ligne et aussi par email. Electropedia: www.electropedia.org Le premier dictionnaire en ligne au monde de termes lectroniques et lectriques. Il contient plus de 20 000 termes et dfinitions en anglais et en franais, ainsi que les termes quivalents dans le
15、s langues additionnelles. Egalement appel Vocabulaire Electrotechnique International en ligne. Service Clients: www.iec.ch/webstore/custserv/custserv_entry-f.htm Si vous dsirez nous donner des commentaires sur cette publication ou si vous avez des questions, visitez le FAQ du Service clients ou cont
16、actez-nous: Email: csciec.ch Tl.: +41 22 919 02 11 Fax: +41 22 919 03 00 IEC/TR 60479-4 Edition 2.0 2011-0 TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE Effects of current on human beings and livestock Part 4: Effects of lightning strokes Effets du courant sur le corps humain et sur les animaux domestiques Par
17、tie 4: Effets de la foudre INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION COMMISSION ELECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE S ICS 13.200; 29.020 PRICE CODE CODE PRIX ISBN 978-2-88912-694-1 Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission Marque dpose de la Commission Electrotechnique Intern
18、ationale colour inside 2 TR 60479-4 IEC:2011 CONTENTS FOREWORD . 3 INTRODUCTION . 5 1 Scope and object 6 2 Normative references . 6 3 Terms and definitions . 6 4 Physics of lightning 9 5 Interaction of strokes with human beings and livestock . 10 5.1 General . 10 5.2 Description of direct strike . 1
19、0 5.3 Description of contact voltage . 11 5.4 Description of side flash 12 5.5 Description of step-voltage 13 5.6 Description of streamer shock . 15 5.7 Description of flashover . 16 6 Effects of lightning strokes on the body of human beings and livestock 16 6.1 General . 16 6.2 Physiological effect
20、s 16 6.3 Pathophysiological effects . 17 6.4 Thermal effects . 17 6.5 Comparison between effects of electric shock derived from electrical systems and lightning 17 6.6 Percentage occurrence . 17 Bibliography 20 Figure 1 Categorization of lightning 4 . 10 Figure 2 Direct stroke 11 Figure 3 Contact vo
21、ltage 12 Figure 4 Side flash . 13 Figure 5 Step voltage . 14 Figure 6 Step voltage on quadrupeds . 14 Figure 7 Step voltage with side flash 15 Figure 8 Upward streamer current 16 Table 1 Causes of lightning death and most typical reported consequent disorders 11-16, 20 18 Table 2 Differences between
22、 low voltage and high voltage injuries from electrical systems, and lightning injuries 1, 11-16, 20 19 TR 60479-4 IEC:2011 3 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION _ EFFECTS OF CURRENT ON HUMAN BEINGS AND LIVESTOCK Part 4: Effects of lightning strokes FOREWORD 1) The International Electrotechnica
23、l Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this en
24、d and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Comm
25、ittee interested in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non- governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in a
26、ccordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations. 2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
27、 interested IEC National Committees. 3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held re
28、sponsible for the way in which they are used or for any misinterpretation by any end user. 4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any diverg
29、ence between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter. 5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC ma
30、rks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any services carried out by independent certification bodies. 6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication. 7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual exper
31、ts and members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Pu
32、blication or any other IEC Publications. 8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is indispensable for the correct application of this publication. 9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Pu
33、blication may be the subject of patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. The main task of IEC technical committees is to prepare International Standards. However, a technical committee may propose the publication of a technical report when it ha
34、s collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard, for example “state of the art“. IEC/TR 60479-4, which is a technical report, has been prepared by technical committee No.64: Electrical installations and protection against electric shock. This s
35、econd edition cancels and replaces the first edition, published in 2004 and constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: the report has been completed with additional information on the influences and effect
36、s of natural electricity in the form of lightning strokes during thunderstorms; the definitions and technical terms have been updated; 4 TR 60479-4 IEC:2011 the explanation of the basic physical mechanisms for the dynamics of lightning where specified; the references to the relevant literature and t
37、he list of bibliography are updated; figures showing the current path during different interactions of lightning with the victims body are updated. The text of this technical report is based on the following documents: Enquiry draft Report on voting 64/1772/DTR 64/1804/RVC Full information on the vo
38、ting for the approval of this technical report can be found in the report on voting indicated in the above table. This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. A list of all the parts in the IEC 60479 series, under the general title Effects of current on human
39、beings and livestock, can be found on the IEC website. The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until the stability date indicated on the IEC web site under “http:/webstore.iec.ch“ in the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the publica
40、tion will be reconfirmed, withdrawn, replaced by a revised edition, or amended. IMPORTANT The colour inside logo on the cover page of this publication indicates that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding of its contents. Users should therefore print this
41、 document using a colour printer. TR 60479-4 IEC:2011 5 INTRODUCTION IEC 60479-1, IEC 60479-2 and IEC 60479-3 deal with the effect of electric shock derived from electrical systems on the bodies of human beings and livestock. This part of IEC 60479, which is a technical report, describes the influen
42、ce and effect of natural electricity in the form of lightning strokes during thunderstorms. Lightning current can consist of several uni-polar and/or bi-polar impulses with different peak values and durations; Clause 6 of IEC/TS 60479- 2:200724 1does not cover these effects. The interaction of a lig
43、htning stroke with the victims body is quite different from the usual experience with electric shock derived from electrical systems. The pathway often includes the head in lightning accidents. The importance of the cranial orifices as points of entry of lightning current has been noted, and from th
44、ese the proximity of the pathway to the brainstem. The brain stem includes the respiratory centre, in contrast with pathways of shock current arising from electrical systems. In particular it should be pointed out that differences exist between accidents caused by a direct flash compared with those
45、interactions which are caused by step voltages. Even very short single impulses of lightning can cause cardiopulmonary arrest 5, 6, 15 and 16. The intense electric interactions with living organisms are very dangerous but, surprisingly in many cases, not always lethal. It is accepted that more than
46、90 % of lightning accidents involving humans are not fatal 1, 12. Corresponding reliable data for livestock is not known. There is a large variation in outcome due to different environments, different activities of people and knowledge of first aid and quality of medical care 1, 5. It has been neces
47、sary, therefore, to create a separate standard concerning the special effects of lightning strokes. The physical behaviour of lightning is shown as a basis. The interaction with a living body is then described, followed by the consequences for the life of the victim. _ 1References in square brackets
48、 refer to the bibliography. 6 TR 60479-4 IEC:2011 EFFECTS OF CURRENT ON HUMAN BEINGS AND LIVESTOCK Part 4: Effects of lightning strokes 1 Scope and object This part of IEC 60479, which is a technical report, summarizes the basic parameters for lightning and their variability insofar as they apply to
49、 human beings and livestock. The possible direct and indirect interactions of strikes with bodies of living beings are indicated and the resulting effects caused by lightning currents for the organism are described. The object of this report is to show the differences of effects on human beings and livestock due to lightning strokes versus those effects of electric
