【考研类试卷】中国科学院考博英语真题2013年3月及答案解析.doc

1、中国科学院考博英语真题 2013 年 3 月及答案解析(总分：130.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Vocabulary(总题数：20，分数：10.00)1.Between 1981 and 1987, the number of permanent jobs had increased by only 1,000, although training has been substantially _ by the corporation.（分数：0.50）A.boostedB.curtailedC.plungedD.expended2.It is a touching scene

2、 that every parent can immediately _ because they have gone through the same ritual with their own children.（分数：0.50）A.come throughB.identify withC.take upD.refer to3.In ancient mythology there were no impassable _ separating the divine from the human beings.（分数：0.50）A.polarityB.splitC.gulfD.void4.G

3、uarantees and warranties tell buyers the repairs for which a manufacturer is _.（分数：0.50）A.qualifiedB.agreeableC.compatibleD.liable5.The oil spill had a _ effect on sea birds and other wildlife.（分数：0.50）A.reluctantB.mischievousC.devastatingD.malignant6.A friend is, _, a second self.（分数：0.50）A.as it i

4、sB.as it wereC.as well asD.as though7.He leaned out of an upstairs window and felt a current of warm air _ from the street.（分数：0.50）A.exaltingB.ascendingC.swayingD.fluctuating8.In a market economy, it is impractical to _ big banks to reduce the qualification to provide financial support for small an

5、d medium-sized enterprises.（分数：0.50）A.take onB.bear onC.hold onD.count on9.The author _ us as consistently fair and accurate about the issues.（分数：0.50）A.dismissedB.agitatedC.struckD.seized10.The new system is similar to the old one _ there is still a strong central government.（分数：0.50）A.now thatB.so

6、 thatC.in case thatD.in that11.In the final analysis, it is our _ of death which decides our answers to all the questions that life puts to us.（分数：0.50）A.conceptionB.deceptionC.receptionD.presentation12.The great tragedy of life is not that men _, but that they cease to love.（分数：0.50）A.terminateB.ex

7、pireC.perishD.wither13.His doctor has told him he mustn“t drink, but he still has the occasional brandy _.（分数：0.50）A.on the spotB.on the slyC.in natureD.in short14.In some African countries, the cost of treating an AIDS patient may _ his or her entire annual income.（分数：0.50）A.exploitB.expelC.expireD

8、.exceed15.The current _ with exam results is actually harming children“s education.（分数：0.50）A.interventionB.manipulationC.obsessionD.domination16.Sometimes certain families adhered _ the same religious beliefs for several generations.（分数：0.50）A.toB.forC.afterD.with17.He knew that the area“s rich pla

9、nt life had been severely _ by the huge herds of cows grazing the land.（分数：0.50）A.depletedB.decomposedC.corruptedD.corroded18.The long wait for news of my exam results has already set my nerves _.（分数：0.50）A.on fireB.on edgeC.on earthD.on impulse19.A solution must be found that doesn“t _ too many peo

10、ple in this group, otherwise it cannot work.（分数：0.50）A.arouseB.offendC.spurD.violate20.The Federal Government _ farmers by buying their surplus crops at prices above the market value.（分数：0.50）A.piratesB.mediatesC.supplementsD.subsidizes二、Part Cloze(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Parents who believe that playing vid

11、eo games is less harmful to their kids“ attention spans than watching TV may want to reconsider. Some researchers 1 more than 1,300 children in different grades for a year. They asked both the kids and their parents to estimate how many hours per week the kids spent watching TV and playing video gam

12、es, and they 2 the children“s attention spans by 3 their schoolteachers. 4 studies have examined the effect of TV or video games on attention problems, but not both. By looking at video-game use 5 TV watching, these scientists were able to show for the first time that the two activities have a simil

13、ar relationship 6 attention problems. Shawn Green, a psychologist at the University of Minnesota, points out that the study doesn“t distinguish between the type of 7 required to excel at a video game and that required to excel in school. “A child who is capable of playing a video game for hours 8 ob

14、viously does not have a 9 problem with paying attention,“ says Green. “ 10 are they able to pay attention to a game but not in school? What expectancies have the games set up that aren“t being delivered in a school 11 ?“ Modem TV shows are so exciting and fast paced that they make reading and school

15、work seem 12 by comparison, and the same may be true 13 video games, the study notes. “We weren“t able to break the games down by educational versus non-educational 14 nonviolent versus violent,“ says Swing, 15 that the impact that different types of games may have on attention is a ripe area for fu

16、ture research.（分数：15.00）A.followedB.trainedC.questionedD.challengedA.provokedB.speculatedC.formulatedD.assessedA.surveyingB.consideringC.persuadingD.guidingA.ContinuedB.PreviousC.LaterD.OngoingA.far fromB.except forC.as well asD.instead ofA.forB.toC.onD.ofA.competitionB.techniqueC.attentionD.strateg

17、yA.on endB.at lengthC.now and thenD.in and outA.similarB.relevantC.seriousD.trickyA.WhatB.WhyC.WhenD.WhereA.settingB.sceneC.frameD.platformA.industriousB.limitedC.dullD.funnyA.onB.atC.inD.forA.orB.againstC.whileD.withA.addingB.addsC.addedD.having added三、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Section A(总

18、题数：0，分数：0.00)五、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：12.00)Ever since the early days of modem computing in the 1940s, the biological metaphor has been irresistible. The first computersroom-size behemothswere referred to as “giant brains“ or “electronic brains,“ in headlines and everyday speech. As computers improved

19、 and became capable of some tasks familiar to humans, like playing chess, the term used was “artificial intelligence“. DNA, it is said, is the original software. For the most part, the biological metaphor has long been just thata simplifying analogy rather than a blueprint for how to do computing. E

20、ngineering, not biology, guided the pursuit of artificial intelligence. As Frederick Jelinek, a pioneer in speech recognition, put it, “airplanes don“t flap their wings.“ Yet the principles of biology are gaining ground as a tool in computing. The shift in thinking results from advances in neuroscie

21、nce and computer science, and from the push of necessity. The physical limits of conventional computer designs are within sightnot today or tomorrow, but soon enough. Nanoscale circuits cannot shrink much further. Today“s chips are power hogs, running hot, which curbs how much of a chip“s circuitry

22、can be used. These limits loom as demand is accelerating for computing capacity to make sense of a surge of new digital data from sensors, online commerce, social networks, video streams and corporate and government databases. To meet the challenge, without gobbling the world“s energy supply, a diff

23、erent approach will be needed. And biology, scientists say, promises to contribute more than metaphors. “Every time we look at this, biology provides a clue as to how we should pursue the frontiers of computing,“ said John E. Kelly, the director of research at I. B. M. Dr. Kelly points to Watson, th

24、e questionanswering computer that can play “Jeopardy!“ and beat two human champions earlier this year. The I. B. M. “s clever machine consumes 85,000 watts of electricity, while the human brain runs on just 20 watts. “Evolution figured this out,“ Dr. Kelly said. Several biologically inspired paths a

25、re being explored by computer scientists in universities and corporate laboratories worldwide. One project, a collaboration of computer scientists and neuroscientists begun three years ago, has been encouraging enough that in August it won a $21 million round of government financing. In recent month

26、s, the team has developed prototype “neurosynaptic“ microprocessors, or chips that operate more like neurons and synapses than like conventional semiconductors.（分数：12.00）(1).Paragraph 1 mainly tells _.（分数：2.00）A.what the biological metaphor isB.how computers have improvedC.when modem computing began

27、D.why DNA is the original software(2).Frederick Jelinek“s quotation implies that _.（分数：2.00）A.technology is created by humans rather than by GodB.airplanes differ from birds when using their wingsC.computers can hardly match human brainsD.biology can barely serve to explain computing(3).To meet grow

28、ing demands computers need to be _.（分数：2.00）A.more complex in circuitryB.smaller in chip sizeC.more energy efficientD.more heat-sensitive(4).The boldfaced word “frontiers“ (in Para. 5) refers to _.（分数：2.00）A.computing problemsB.networking regulationsC.streaming restrictionsD.online shopping benefits

29、(5).The human brain is superior to Watson in _.（分数：2.00）A.question generationB.power consumptionC.event organizationD.speech recognition(6).In pushing the boundaries of computing, biology serves as a(n) _（分数：2.00）A.initiatorB.directorC.acceleratorD.contributor六、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：12.00)South Korea

30、“s hagwon (private tutoring academies) crackdown is one part of a larger quest to tame the country“s culture of educational masochism. At the national and local levels, politicians are changing school testing and university admissions policies to reduce student stress and reward softer qualities lik

31、e creativity. “One-size-fits-all, government-led uniform curriculums and an education system that is locked only onto the college-entrance examination are not acceptable,“ President Lee Myung-bak vowed at his inauguration in 2008. But cramming is deeply embedded in Asia, where top gradesand often no

32、thing elsehave long been prized as essential for professional success. Modern-day South Korea has taken this competition to new extremes. In 2010, 74% of all students engaged in some kind of private after-school instruction, sometimes called shadow education, at an average cost of $2,600 per student

33、 for the year. There are more private instructors in South Korea than there are schoolteachers, and the most popular of them make millions of dollars a year from online and in-person classes. When Singapore“ Education Minister was asked last year about his nation“s reliance on private tutoring, he f

34、ound one reason for hope: “We“re not as bad as the Koreans.“ In Seoul, large numbers of students who fail to get into top universities spend the entire year after high school attending hagwons to improve their scores on university admissions exams. And they must compete even to do this. At the prest

35、igious Daesung Institute, admission is based on students“ test scores. Only 14% of applicants are accepted. After a year of 14-hour days, about 70% gain entry to one of the nation“s top three universities. From a distance, South Korea“s results look enviable. Its students consistently outperform the

36、ir counterparts in almost every country in reading and math. In the U.S., Barack Obama and his Education Secretary speak glowingly of the enthusiasm South Korean parents have for educating their children, and they lament how far the U.S. students are falling behind. Without its education obsession,

37、South Korea could not have been transformed into the economic powerhouse that it is today. But the country“s leaders worry that unless its rigid, hierarchical system starts to nurture more innovation, economic growth will stalland fertility rates will continue to decline as families feel the pressur

38、e of paying for all that tutoring. “You Americans see a bright side of the Korean system.“ Education Minister Lee Ju-ho tells me, “but Koreans are not happy with it.“（分数：12.00）(1).South Korea“s educational system _.（分数：2.00）A.gives much weight to examsB.stresses students“ creativityC.shames the coun

39、try“s cultureD.offers easy admissions(2).Shadow education _.（分数：2.00）A.casts a shadow in students“ mindsB.makes the students“ scores levelC.stimulates competition among teachersD.takes the form of private tutoring(3).In Seoul, students who fail to get into top universities _.（分数：2.00）A.can only go t

40、o private universitiesB.must spend one more year in high schoolsC.may choose any hagwon they likeD.need to fight for good private tutoring(4).Parents in South Korea _.（分数：2.00）A.usually supervise their children from a distanceB.only focus on their kids“ reading and mathC.devote much of their energy

41、to their kids“ educationD.lament the way the US parents educate their children(5).South Korea“s education obsession _.（分数：2.00）A.has failed to nurture any creative studentsB.has contributed to the country“s economic growthC.has led to an increase in the nation“s fertility ratesD.has won world notori

42、ety for South Korean parents(6).With respect to the future of the educational system, South Korean politicians _.（分数：2.00）A.are concerned about its rigidityB.see it as a model for other culturesC.wish to encourage the birth of more childrenD.hope to expand the scope of private tutoring七、Passage Thre

43、e(总题数：1，分数：12.00)A dispute that. according to Members of Parliament (MPs), threatens the very survival of London Metropolitan University (London Met), the capital“s biggest higher education institution, is spilling over onto London“s streets. Last week lorry drivers on Holloway Road in Islington wat

44、ched as a group of students and staff marched in protest against a meeting of London Met“s governors. “Save our Staff“ and “London Met on the Roper.“ a reference to the university“s vice-chancellor, Professor Brian Roper, screamed the banners. The university, which has 34,000 students, has long attr

45、acted controversy for the militancy of its staff and students, but the latest row is a more serious matter. This crisis is over an attempt by the Higher Education Funding Council (Hefc) to claw back more than 50m that London Met should not have received. It is believed that as many as 500 jobs could

46、 go as a result of the university having been overpaid for student dropouts since 2005, and the unions are furious, claiming at the same time that the university is being unfairly treated by Hefc but that neither the managers nor the governors have explored the alternatives to job cuts. “The Univers

47、ity and College Union (UCU) is very concerned that the Hefc regulations appear to discriminate against widening participation,“ said a UCU spokesperson. “But we also feel very strongly about the fact that the management are not consulting the unions as they are required to do in law and that they ha

48、ve not considered alternatives like a freeze on new appointments.“ One of the issues in dispute is whether students who did not take their assessments at the end of the year but were intending to take them the following year should be classified as drop-outs. Hefc considers them to have dropped out

49、and says that its funding definitions apply to all universities regardless; UCU believes they should not be classified in this way on the grounds that they need all the help they can“ get to complete the course. The dispute has also hit the House of Commons. An early day motion signed by MPs says that the scale of the cutsan 18m reduction in teaching budgets and 38m in claw-backs for previous years“throws the future ope