API PUBL 1628E-1996 Operation and Maintenance Considerations for Hydrocarbon Remediation Systems (First Edition)《油气修复系统的操作和维护的考虑》.pdf

1、API PUBL*lb28E 96 0732290 O559203 T88 Operation and Maintenance Considerations for Hydrocarbon Remediation Systems API PUBLICATION 1628E FIRST EDITION, JULY 1996 L s16;, Strategies for Tot ayi Environmental Partnership American Petroleum Ins titute API PUBL*Lb28E b 0732290 0559202 L4 - Environmental

2、 Partnership One of the most significant long-term trends affecting the future vitality of the petro- leum industry is the publics concerns about the environment. Recognizing this trend, API member companies have developed a positive, forward looking strategy called STEP Strategies for Todays Enviro

3、nmental Partnership. This program aims to address public concerns by improving industrys environmental, health and safety Performance; docu- menting performance improvements; and communicating them to the public. The founda- tion of STEP is the API Environmental Mission and Guiding Environmental Pri

4、nciples. API standards, by promoting the use of sound engineering and operational practices, are an important means of implementing APIs STEP program. API ENVIRONMENTAL MISSION AND GUIDING ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES The members of the American Petroleum Institute are dedicated to continuous efforts to

5、 improve the compatibility of our operations with the environment while economically developing energy resources and supplying high quality products and services to consum- ers. The members recognize the importance of efficiently meeting societys needs and our responsibility to work with the public,

6、 the government, and others to develop and to use natural resources in an environmentally sound manner while protecting the health and safety of our employees and the public. To meet these responsibilities, API members pledge to manage our businesses according to these principles: To recognize and t

7、o respond to community concerns about our raw materials, prod- ucts and operations. To operate our plants and facilities, and to handle our raw materials and products in a manner that protects the environment, and the safety and health of our employees and the public. To make safety, health and envi

8、ronmental considerations a priority in our planning, and our development of new products and processes. To advise promptly appropriate officials, employees, customers and the public of information on significant industry-related safety, health and environmental hazards, and to recommend protective m

9、easures. To counsel customers, transporters and others in the safe use, transportation and dis- posal of our raw materials, products and waste materials. To economically develop and produce natural resources and to conserve those resources by using energy efficiently. To extend knowledge by conducti

10、ng or supporting research on the safety, health and environmental effects of our raw materials, products, processes and waste materials. To commit to reduce overall emissions and waste generation. To work with others to resolve problems created by handling and disposal of hazard- ous substances from

11、 our operations. To participate with government and others in creating responsible laws, regulations and standards to safeguard the community, workplace and environment. To promote these principles and practices by sharing experiences and offering assis- tance to others who produce, handle, use, tra

12、nsport or dispose of similar raw materi- als, petroleum products and wastes. API PUBL*Lb28E b 0732290 0559203 50 m Operation and Maintenance Considerations for Hydrocarbon Remediation Systems Manufacturing, Distribution and Marketing Department API PUBLICATION 1628E FIRST EDITION, JULY 1996 American

13、 Petroleum Ins ti tute API PUBLxLb2BE b O732290 05592OLl 797 = SPECIAL NOTES API publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to par- ticular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed. API is not undertaking to meet the duties of

14、employers, manufacturers, or suppliers to warn and properly train and equip their employees, and others exposed, concerning health and safety risks and precautions, nor undertaking their obligations under local, state, or federal laws. Information concerning safety and health risks and proper precau

15、tions with respect to particular materials and conditions should be obtained from the employer, the manufac- turer or supplier of that material, or the material safety data sheet. Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for the

16、manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent. Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withd

17、rawn at least every five years. Sometimes a one-time extension of up to two years will be added to this review cycle. This publication will no longer be in effect five years after its publication date as an operative API standard or, where an extension has been granted, upon republica- tion. Status

18、of the publication can be ascertained from the API Authoring Department telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually and updated quarterly by API, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. This document was produced under API standardization procedur

19、es that ensure appro- priate notification and participation in the developmental process and is designated as an API standard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this standard or comments and questions Concerning the procedures under which this standard was devel- oped should

20、be directed in writing to the director of the Authoring Department (shown on the title page of this document), American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W Wash- ington, D.C. 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of the material published herein should also be

21、addressed to the director. API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; how- ever, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publ

22、ication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or dam- age resulting from its use or for the violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulation with which this publication may conflict. API standards are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven,

23、 sound engi- neering and operating practices. These standards are not intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these standards should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API standards is not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from u

24、sing any other practices. Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applica- ble requirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such products do i

25、n fact conform to the applicable API standard. All rights reserved No part of this work may be reproduced stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other- wise, without prior written permission from the publisher: Contact the Publi

26、sher; API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N. W, Washington, D.C. 20005. Copyright Q 1996American Petroleum institute API PUBL*Lb28E 96 W 0732290 0557205 623 m FOREWORD API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and

27、 reliability of the data contained in them; how- ever, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or dam- age resulting from its use or for the violation of any federal, sta

28、te, or municipal regulation with which this publication may conflict. Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the director of the Manufac- turing, Distribution and Marketing Department, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W Washington, D.C. 20005. iii API PUBL*lb28E 96

29、0732290 05592Ob 5bT CONTENTS Page SECTION 1-INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Common O (a) inadequate routine monitoringladjust- ment, (b) the physical environment within which the system is exposed, and (c) poor system design. Any of these factors can result in a significant increase in costs associated with O b.

30、 Incorrect pump sizing. c. Equipment not compatible. d. Poor well design. 1.2 O (b) an operations section, which includes safety issues, system start-up procedures, system optimization procedures, system operational indica- tors, and an O (c) a mainte- nance section which outlines routine and schedu

31、led maintenance procedures and sampling requirements and includes tables to aid in troubleshooting system malfunc- tions; and (d) an updated procedures section, in which changes in O this is often referred to as the smear zone. Thus, for a given well or trench configuration, groundwater pumping rate

32、s should be established to meet the criteria of plume containment and LNAPL recovery maximization. Since many different pumping configurations may satisfy the requirements of plume control, some additional criteria must be used to optimize system operation while keeping maintenance costs to a minimu

33、m. Depending on unit treat- ment costs and remediation objectives, minimizing ground- water withdrawal for the duration of the remediation period, maximizing total LNAPL recovery, or maximizing the LNAPL recovered per volume of groundwater pumped may be rational criteria. During recovery system desi

34、gn, consideration must be given to total groundwater withdrawal rates and total LNAPL recovery. For a given recovery system, pumping rates will be designed to control LNAPL migration, and recoverable LNAPL volume will be estimated to determine the design that will yield the maximum recovery. Maxi- m

35、um LNAPL recovery will be obtained by minimizing the total drawdown over the zone of the LNAPL plume, while maintaining plume control around the plume perimeter. For the same total pumping rate, LNAPL recovery will gener- ally increase with the number of wells. The economically optimum number of wel

36、ls will depend on the tradeoff between costs of well installation and operation versus the benefit gained by reducing the amount of LNAPL lost to residual saturation. 2.2.1 DATA COLLECTION AND EVALUATION OF LNAPL RECOVERY SYSTEMS OVERVIEW Routine 0 however, some large systems may require weekly or e

37、ven more frequent attention. Testing other elements, such as specific capacity and pump efficiency, might be per- formed on a semi-annual basis. Again, the frequency of moni- toring and data collection will be very site- and goal specific. A consistent procedure for data evaluation is just as criti-

38、 cal as collecting the data. Monitoring data should be evalu- ated to determine whether the LNAPL plume is being contained and whether LNAPL recovery is being maxi- mized as efficiently as possible. Evaluation of system per- formance should include noting any trends, patterns, or anomalies, such as

39、unusual groundwater fluctuations, major changes in LNAPL thickness or distribution, and the rela- tionship of such patterns to hydrologic impacts, subsur- face preferential pathways, or other site features. Examples of data evaluation procedures are outlined in the following. 2.2.2.1 System Downtime

40、 Summary All downtimes, along with corrective measures taken to bring the system back on-line, should be reviewed. Exam- ples include high tank shutoff; compressor or pump fail- ures; plugging of discharge lines, wells, infiltration galleries, filters, or flow meters: or other system problems. Any s

41、ystem problems that are occurring repeatedly or that have historically caused other shutdowns of the system should also be reviewed. This information will allow for evaluation of the overall system operation record to ensure maximum operating efficiency. 2.2.2.2 LNAPL Information LNAPL thickness, th

42、e method of recovery, and the vol- ume of LNAPL recovered should be evaluated for a particu- lar time period. The total volume of LNAPL recovered since system start-up should also be evaluated to determine any single significant recovery event that may have occurred. The data should be tabulated and

43、 graphed for each LNAPL recovery location and should include volume recovered, LNAPL thickness, and groundwater flow rates and elevations. Additionally, a plot of total LNAPL recov- ered versus time should be evaluated. Review of these data plots will allow evaluation of the effectiveness of, and th

44、e necessity for, continued LNAPL recovery. An example plot of cumulative recovery versus time for different water pumping rates is shown on Figure 1. 2.2.2.3 Plume Containment To ensure that the plume is being effectively contained, groundwater elevations, LNAPL thickness, and LNAPL dis- tribution d

45、ata should be evaluated; this is an important aspect of evaluating system performance. An analysis of system capture (capture zone analysis) should then be per- formed. This evaluation can be accomplished by flow net analysis, analytical approaches, or models. 2.2.2.4 WelVPump Efficiency Routine mon

46、itoring of pumping rates and water levels can provide indications of well and pump efficiency problems. However, in some cases well and pump efficiency or capac- ity tests should be conducted and evaluated at least semi- annually. The results of each test should be compared to the original performan

47、ce tests conducted after system installa- tion. Each well/pump should be redevelopedheconditioned if the production rate decreases below 75 percent of the original test rate. Procedures for conducting well and pump performance tests are provided in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. Well and pump efficie

48、ncy testing provides a method to determine decreased pump performance. There are several causes for a decreased performance, including biofouling, scaling, silting, and deterioration of equipment due to expo- sure to hydrocarbons. Rehabilitation alternatives for deal- ing with these problems are pre

49、sented in the following sections. Other data collectiodevaluation checks that should be performed to ensure proper O e. Remove, inspect, clean, and replace interface detection probes. f. Repair, as necessary, pump hoses, safety cables, and electrical power cables. 2.3 Groundwater Recovery Systems 2.3.1 GENERAL Most hydrocarbon recovery sites require concurrent with- drawal of groundwater. The objectives of pumping ground- water may be (a) to contain LNAPL, (b) to enhance LNAPL recovery, (c) to contain hydrocarbons dissolved in groundwa- ter, (d) to recover/treat grou