1、API PUBL*lb28E 96 0732290 O559203 T88 Operation and Maintenance Considerations for Hydrocarbon Remediation Systems API PUBLICATION 1628E FIRST EDITION, JULY 1996 L s16;, Strategies for Tot ayi Environmental Partnership American Petroleum Ins titute API PUBL*Lb28E b 0732290 0559202 L4 - Environmental
2、 Partnership One of the most significant long-term trends affecting the future vitality of the petro- leum industry is the publics concerns about the environment. Recognizing this trend, API member companies have developed a positive, forward looking strategy called STEP Strategies for Todays Enviro
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29、0732290 05592Ob 5bT CONTENTS Page SECTION 1-INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Common O (a) inadequate routine monitoringladjust- ment, (b) the physical environment within which the system is exposed, and (c) poor system design. Any of these factors can result in a significant increase in costs associated with O b.
30、 Incorrect pump sizing. c. Equipment not compatible. d. Poor well design. 1.2 O (b) an operations section, which includes safety issues, system start-up procedures, system optimization procedures, system operational indica- tors, and an O (c) a mainte- nance section which outlines routine and schedu
31、led maintenance procedures and sampling requirements and includes tables to aid in troubleshooting system malfunc- tions; and (d) an updated procedures section, in which changes in O this is often referred to as the smear zone. Thus, for a given well or trench configuration, groundwater pumping rate
32、s should be established to meet the criteria of plume containment and LNAPL recovery maximization. Since many different pumping configurations may satisfy the requirements of plume control, some additional criteria must be used to optimize system operation while keeping maintenance costs to a minimu
33、m. Depending on unit treat- ment costs and remediation objectives, minimizing ground- water withdrawal for the duration of the remediation period, maximizing total LNAPL recovery, or maximizing the LNAPL recovered per volume of groundwater pumped may be rational criteria. During recovery system desi
34、gn, consideration must be given to total groundwater withdrawal rates and total LNAPL recovery. For a given recovery system, pumping rates will be designed to control LNAPL migration, and recoverable LNAPL volume will be estimated to determine the design that will yield the maximum recovery. Maxi- m
35、um LNAPL recovery will be obtained by minimizing the total drawdown over the zone of the LNAPL plume, while maintaining plume control around the plume perimeter. For the same total pumping rate, LNAPL recovery will gener- ally increase with the number of wells. The economically optimum number of wel
36、ls will depend on the tradeoff between costs of well installation and operation versus the benefit gained by reducing the amount of LNAPL lost to residual saturation. 2.2.1 DATA COLLECTION AND EVALUATION OF LNAPL RECOVERY SYSTEMS OVERVIEW Routine 0 however, some large systems may require weekly or e
37、ven more frequent attention. Testing other elements, such as specific capacity and pump efficiency, might be per- formed on a semi-annual basis. Again, the frequency of moni- toring and data collection will be very site- and goal specific. A consistent procedure for data evaluation is just as criti-
38、 cal as collecting the data. Monitoring data should be evalu- ated to determine whether the LNAPL plume is being contained and whether LNAPL recovery is being maxi- mized as efficiently as possible. Evaluation of system per- formance should include noting any trends, patterns, or anomalies, such as
39、unusual groundwater fluctuations, major changes in LNAPL thickness or distribution, and the rela- tionship of such patterns to hydrologic impacts, subsur- face preferential pathways, or other site features. Examples of data evaluation procedures are outlined in the following. 2.2.2.1 System Downtime
40、 Summary All downtimes, along with corrective measures taken to bring the system back on-line, should be reviewed. Exam- ples include high tank shutoff; compressor or pump fail- ures; plugging of discharge lines, wells, infiltration galleries, filters, or flow meters: or other system problems. Any s
41、ystem problems that are occurring repeatedly or that have historically caused other shutdowns of the system should also be reviewed. This information will allow for evaluation of the overall system operation record to ensure maximum operating efficiency. 2.2.2.2 LNAPL Information LNAPL thickness, th
42、e method of recovery, and the vol- ume of LNAPL recovered should be evaluated for a particu- lar time period. The total volume of LNAPL recovered since system start-up should also be evaluated to determine any single significant recovery event that may have occurred. The data should be tabulated and
43、 graphed for each LNAPL recovery location and should include volume recovered, LNAPL thickness, and groundwater flow rates and elevations. Additionally, a plot of total LNAPL recov- ered versus time should be evaluated. Review of these data plots will allow evaluation of the effectiveness of, and th
44、e necessity for, continued LNAPL recovery. An example plot of cumulative recovery versus time for different water pumping rates is shown on Figure 1. 2.2.2.3 Plume Containment To ensure that the plume is being effectively contained, groundwater elevations, LNAPL thickness, and LNAPL dis- tribution d
45、ata should be evaluated; this is an important aspect of evaluating system performance. An analysis of system capture (capture zone analysis) should then be per- formed. This evaluation can be accomplished by flow net analysis, analytical approaches, or models. 2.2.2.4 WelVPump Efficiency Routine mon
46、itoring of pumping rates and water levels can provide indications of well and pump efficiency problems. However, in some cases well and pump efficiency or capac- ity tests should be conducted and evaluated at least semi- annually. The results of each test should be compared to the original performan
47、ce tests conducted after system installa- tion. Each well/pump should be redevelopedheconditioned if the production rate decreases below 75 percent of the original test rate. Procedures for conducting well and pump performance tests are provided in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. Well and pump efficie
48、ncy testing provides a method to determine decreased pump performance. There are several causes for a decreased performance, including biofouling, scaling, silting, and deterioration of equipment due to expo- sure to hydrocarbons. Rehabilitation alternatives for deal- ing with these problems are pre
49、sented in the following sections. Other data collectiodevaluation checks that should be performed to ensure proper O e. Remove, inspect, clean, and replace interface detection probes. f. Repair, as necessary, pump hoses, safety cables, and electrical power cables. 2.3 Groundwater Recovery Systems 2.3.1 GENERAL Most hydrocarbon recovery sites require concurrent with- drawal of groundwater. The objectives of pumping ground- water may be (a) to contain LNAPL, (b) to enhance LNAPL recovery, (c) to contain hydrocarbons dissolved in groundwa- ter, (d) to recover/treat grou
