API RP 11V10-2008 Recommended Practices for Design and Operation of Intermittent and Chamber Gas-lift Wells and Systems (First Edition Includes Access to Additional Content)《间歇和腔室气.pdf

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10、d should be directed in writing to the Director of Standards, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the director. Generally, API standar

11、ds are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years. A one-time extension of up to two years may be added to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and mate

12、rials is published annually and updated quarterly by API, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20005, standardsapi.org. iiiContents Page 1 Introduction and Organizati

13、on of This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Overview of Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Understanding In

14、termittent, Chamber, and Plunger Gas-lift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.3 Deciding When Each Method is Applicable and Choosing Candidate Wells (Includes a Table for Comparing Pros and Cons of Each Method) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.4 Selecting the Most Appropriate Control Method(s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1.5 Designing These Types of Gas-lift Wells and Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 1.6 Troubleshooting These Types of Gas-lift Wells and Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 1.7 Operational Considerations for Individual Gas-lift Wells and Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17、31 1.8 Derivation of Important Intermittent Gas-lift Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 1.9 Detailed Example of an Intermittent Gas-lift Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2 Definit

18、ion of the Intermittent Gas-lift Method and General Guidelines for its Application . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.1 Definition of the Intermittent Gas-lift Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.2 General Guidelines for Intermittent

19、 Gas-lift Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 3 Types of Intermittent Gas-lift Installations (General Description and Operation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.1 Simple Completions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.2 Chamber Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 3.3 Accumulators. . . . . . . . . . . . .

21、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.4 Dual Completions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 3.5 Gas

22、-lift with Plungers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 4 Types of Gas Injection Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23、. . . . . . 66 4.1 Choke Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4.2 Surface Time Cycle Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 4.3 Controlling the Gas Injection While Unloading an Intermittent Gas-lift Well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 4.4 Variations in Time Cycle and Choke Control of Injection Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25、 . . . 69 4.5 Automatic Control with a Production Automation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 5 Design of Intermittent Gas-lift Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 5.1

26、Mandrel Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 5.2 Optimum Cycle Time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27、 . . . . . . . . . . . 81 5.3 Volume of Gas Required Per Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 5.4 Valve Area Ratio Calculation for Choke Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28、 . . . . . . . . . . . 83 5.5 Valve Area Ratio Calculation When Surface Time Cycle Controllers are Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 5.6 Use of Mechanistic Models for Intermittent Gas-lift Design Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 6 Troubleshooting Tech

29、niques for Intermittent Gas-lift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 6.1 Information Required for Troubleshooting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 6.2 Diagnostic Tools Available

30、for Troubleshooting Intermittent Gas-lift Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 6.3 Troubleshooting Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 7 Operational Considerations for Intermittent

31、 Gas-lift Systems and Wells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 7.1 Staffing Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 7.2 Understanding the Design Philosophy. . . . . . . . .

32、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 7.3 System/Well Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 7.4 Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 7.5 Analysis/Problem Detection/Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 7.6 Maintenance. . . . . . .

34、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 7.7 Optimization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35、 . . . 115 vPage Annex A Analytical Derivation of Optimum Cycle Time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Annex B Intermittent Gas-lift DesignA Detailed Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Annex

36、 C Use of Field Units and SI Units Calculators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

37、 . . . . . 165 Figures 1.1 Simple Completion (Closed Installation). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.2 Double Packer Chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

38、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.3 Insert Chamber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.4 Insert Chamber with Hanger Nipple for “Stripper”-type Wells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.5 Insert Chamber with Combination Operating-bleed Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.6 Extremely Long Insert Chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.7 Insert Chamber for Tight Formations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.8 Simple Type Accumulator (Not to Scale) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.9 Insert Accumulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.10 Parallel String Dual Completion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

42、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.11 Completion for Zones That are Too Far Apart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.12 Completion for Intermittent Gas-lift with Plungers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.1 Intermittent Gas-lift Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.2 Effect of Reservoir Pressure and PI on Optimum Cycle Time . . . . . . . . . . .

44、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.3 Chamber Type Completions: a) with Normal Sanding Valve; b) with Extended Standing Valve . . . . . . 42 2.4 Closed Rotative Gas-lift System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45、. . . . . 44 2.5 Separator Liquid Level vs. Time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.1 Simple Completion (Closed Installation). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

46、. . . . . . . . . . 50 3.2 Double Packer Chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 3.3 Pressure Diagram in Dip Tube and Chamber Annulus (for High True Liquid Gradient) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

47、3.4 Pressure Diagram in Dip Tube and Chamber Annulus (for High True Liquid Gradient) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.5 Insert Chamber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 3.6 Pressure-de

48、pth Diagrams for the Same Well and Three Different Types of Completions (Beginning of Liquid Accumulation Period) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 5 3.7 Pressure-depth Diagrams for the Same Well and Three Different Types of Completions (Just Before Chamber

49、 Valve Opens) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 3.8 Insert Chamber with Hanger Nipple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 3.9 Insert Chamber with Combination Operating-bleed Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.10 Extremely Long Insert Chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.11 Insert Chamber for Tight Formatio