1、Access to Additional Content for API RP 11V10 6/2008 (Click here to view the publication) This Page is not part of the original publication This page has been added by IHS as a convenience to the user in order to provide access to additional content as authorized by the Copyright holder of this docu
2、ment Click the link(s) below to access the content and use normal procedures for downloading or opening the files. Field_Units_Calculators.xls SI_Units_Calculators.xls Information contained in the above is the property of the Copyright holder and all Notice of Disclaimer however, the Institute makes
3、 no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having jurisdiction with which this publication may conflict. API publicatio
4、ns are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineering and operating practices. These publications are not intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these publications should be utilized. The formulation and publication
5、of API publications is not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices. Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that standard.
6、API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such products do in fact conform to the applicable API standard. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, w
7、ithout prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Copyright 2008 American Petroleum InstituteForeword Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or ot
8、herwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent. This document was produced under API standardization p
9、rocedures that ensure appropriate notification and participation in the developmental process and is designated as an API standard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this publication or comments and questions concerning the procedures under which this publication was develope
10、d should be directed in writing to the Director of Standards, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the director. Generally, API standar
11、ds are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years. A one-time extension of up to two years may be added to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and mate
12、rials is published annually and updated quarterly by API, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20005, standardsapi.org. iiiContents Page 1 Introduction and Organizati
13、on of This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Overview of Section 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Understanding In
14、termittent, Chamber, and Plunger Gas-lift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.3 Deciding When Each Method is Applicable and Choosing Candidate Wells (Includes a Table for Comparing Pros and Cons of Each Method) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.4 Selecting the Most Appropriate Control Method(s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1.5 Designing These Types of Gas-lift Wells and Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 1.6 Troubleshooting These Types of Gas-lift Wells and Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 1.7 Operational Considerations for Individual Gas-lift Wells and Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17、31 1.8 Derivation of Important Intermittent Gas-lift Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 1.9 Detailed Example of an Intermittent Gas-lift Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2 Definit
18、ion of the Intermittent Gas-lift Method and General Guidelines for its Application . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.1 Definition of the Intermittent Gas-lift Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.2 General Guidelines for Intermittent
19、 Gas-lift Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 3 Types of Intermittent Gas-lift Installations (General Description and Operation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.1 Simple Completions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.2 Chamber Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 3.3 Accumulators. . . . . . . . . . . . .
21、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.4 Dual Completions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 3.5 Gas
22、-lift with Plungers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 4 Types of Gas Injection Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23、. . . . . . 66 4.1 Choke Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4.2 Surface Time Cycle Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 4.3 Controlling the Gas Injection While Unloading an Intermittent Gas-lift Well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 4.4 Variations in Time Cycle and Choke Control of Injection Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25、 . . . 69 4.5 Automatic Control with a Production Automation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 5 Design of Intermittent Gas-lift Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 5.1
26、Mandrel Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 5.2 Optimum Cycle Time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27、 . . . . . . . . . . . 81 5.3 Volume of Gas Required Per Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 5.4 Valve Area Ratio Calculation for Choke Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、 . . . . . . . . . . . 83 5.5 Valve Area Ratio Calculation When Surface Time Cycle Controllers are Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 5.6 Use of Mechanistic Models for Intermittent Gas-lift Design Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 6 Troubleshooting Tech
29、niques for Intermittent Gas-lift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 6.1 Information Required for Troubleshooting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 6.2 Diagnostic Tools Available
30、for Troubleshooting Intermittent Gas-lift Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 6.3 Troubleshooting Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 7 Operational Considerations for Intermittent
31、 Gas-lift Systems and Wells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 7.1 Staffing Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 7.2 Understanding the Design Philosophy. . . . . . . . .
32、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 7.3 System/Well Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 7.4 Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 7.5 Analysis/Problem Detection/Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 7.6 Maintenance. . . . . . .
34、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 7.7 Optimization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35、 . . . 115 vPage Annex A Analytical Derivation of Optimum Cycle Time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Annex B Intermittent Gas-lift DesignA Detailed Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Annex
36、 C Use of Field Units and SI Units Calculators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37、 . . . . . 165 Figures 1.1 Simple Completion (Closed Installation). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.2 Double Packer Chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.3 Insert Chamber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.4 Insert Chamber with Hanger Nipple for “Stripper”-type Wells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.5 Insert Chamber with Combination Operating-bleed Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.6 Extremely Long Insert Chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.7 Insert Chamber for Tight Formations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.8 Simple Type Accumulator (Not to Scale) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.9 Insert Accumulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.10 Parallel String Dual Completion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.11 Completion for Zones That are Too Far Apart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.12 Completion for Intermittent Gas-lift with Plungers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.1 Intermittent Gas-lift Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.2 Effect of Reservoir Pressure and PI on Optimum Cycle Time . . . . . . . . . . .
44、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.3 Chamber Type Completions: a) with Normal Sanding Valve; b) with Extended Standing Valve . . . . . . 42 2.4 Closed Rotative Gas-lift System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45、. . . . . 44 2.5 Separator Liquid Level vs. Time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.1 Simple Completion (Closed Installation). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46、. . . . . . . . . . 50 3.2 Double Packer Chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 3.3 Pressure Diagram in Dip Tube and Chamber Annulus (for High True Liquid Gradient) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
47、3.4 Pressure Diagram in Dip Tube and Chamber Annulus (for High True Liquid Gradient) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.5 Insert Chamber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 3.6 Pressure-de
48、pth Diagrams for the Same Well and Three Different Types of Completions (Beginning of Liquid Accumulation Period) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 5 3.7 Pressure-depth Diagrams for the Same Well and Three Different Types of Completions (Just Before Chamber
49、 Valve Opens) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 3.8 Insert Chamber with Hanger Nipple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 3.9 Insert Chamber with Combination Operating-bleed Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.10 Extremely Long Insert Chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.11 Insert Chamber for Tight Formatio
