API RP 688-2012 Pulsation and Vibration Control in Positive Displacement Machinery Systems for Petroleum Petrochemical and Natural Gas Industry Services (First Edition)《石油、石化和天然气工业.pdf

1、Pulsation and Vibration Control in Positive Displacement Machinery Systems for Petroleum, Petrochemical, and Natural Gas Industry ServicesAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 688 FIRST EDITION, APRIL 2012Pulsation and Vibration Control in Positive Displacement Machinery Systems for Petroleum, Petrochemical, and

2、 Natural Gas Industry ServicesDownstream SegmentAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 688 FIRST EDITION, APRIL 2012Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.Neither AP

3、I nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make any warranty or representation, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained herein, or assume any liability or responsibility for any us

4、e, or the results of such use, of any information or process disclosed in this publication. Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, or other assignees represent that use of this publication would not infringe upon privately owned rights.API publications may be used by any

5、one desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsi

6、bility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having jurisdiction with which this publication may conflict.API publications are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineering and operating practices. These publications are not i

7、ntended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these publications should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API publications is not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or ma

8、terials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such products do in fact conform to the applicable API standard.Classified areas may v

9、ary depending on the location, conditions, equipment, and substances involved in any given situation. Users of this Recommended Practice should consult with the appropriate authorities having jurisdiction.Users of this Recommended Practice should not rely exclusively on the information contained in

10、this document. Sound business, scientific, engineering, and safety judgment should be used in employing the information contained herein. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photoc

11、opying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Copyright 2012 American Petroleum InstituteForewordThis document is intended to describe, discuss and clarify the design of pu

12、lsation and vibration control for positive displacement machinery systems used for services in the petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries. The original focus of this document was to provide insight on the many changes to the pulsation and vibration material in the Clause 7.9 of the 5th

13、Edition of API 618 for reciprocating compressors only. Due to industry interest, the scope of this document has been expanded to include other types of positive displacement equipment (such as pumps and screw compressors). However, due to publication schedules, these other types of positive displace

14、ment equipment will be addressed in future editions.This document is not intended to be an all-inclusive source of information for this complex subject. Rather, it is offered as an introduction to the major aspects of pulsation and vibration control for positive displacement machinery addressed duri

15、ng a typical system design. A significant amount of the material has been extracted from documents previously published by the contributors. The different design philosophies of the various contributors are consolidated in this document to help users understand the choices available and make informe

16、d decisions about what is appropriate for their application. While the theory is generally applicable to all types of positive displacement machinery, the text in this edition will frequently refer specifically to reciprocating compressors.Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed

17、as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.Shall: As us

18、ed in a standard, “shall” denotes a minimum requirement in order to conform to the specification.Should: As used in a standard, “should” denotes a recommendation or that which is advised but not required in order to conform to the specification. This document was produced under API standardization p

19、rocedures that ensure appropriate notification and participation in the developmental process and is designated as an API standard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this publication or comments and questions concerning the procedures under which this publication was develope

20、d should be directed in writing to the Director of Standards, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the director.Generally, API standards ar

21、e reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years. A one-time extension of up to two years may be added to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials

22、 is published annually by API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiContentsPagePart 1: Pulsation and Vibration Control Fundamentals for Positive

23、Displacement Machinery1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Terms and Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Fundamentals of Pulsation and Mechanical Vibration Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.1 Overview of Pulsation Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.2 Overview of Mechanical Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 Fundamentals of Modeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664.1 Overview of Acoustic Modeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664.2 Overview of Mechanical Modeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734.3 Concurrent Acoustical and Mechanical Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734.4 Design Philosophies For Varying Degrees Of Acoustic And Mechanical Control . . . . . . . . .

28、. . . . . . . . . 744.5 Design Approach and Philosophy Selection Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765 Flow Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29、 . . . . . . . 785.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785.2 Flow Measurement by Measuring Differential Pressure (DP) - Orifice Plate, Nozzle, and Venturi . . . . . 805.

30、3 Flow Measurement by Turbine Flowmeters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805.4 Flow Measurement by Vortex Flowmeters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805.5 Flow me

31、asurement by ultrasonic flowmeters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815.6 Flow Measurement by Coriolis Flowmeters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825.7 References . . . .

32、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826 Results Reporting Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33、. 836.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

34、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837 Field testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897.1 Confirmation that Design Requirements Have Been Met . . . . . . . . . . .

35、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897.2 Vibration Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897.3 Excessive Pressure Drop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907.4 Premature Valve Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907.5 Driver Overload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

37、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907.6 Failure to Deliver Expected Flow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908 Valve Dynamic Performance Ana

38、lysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908.1 The VDPA Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908.2 Valve Reliabili

39、ty and Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918.3 Application Of Analysis Results To Valve Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918.4 Valve Dynamic

40、s Analysis Report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Figures1 Piston Motion and Velocity for a Slider Crank Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Single Acting Compr

41、essor Cylinder with Rod Length/Stroke = and No Valve Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Symmetrical, Double Acting Compressor Cylinder with Rod Length/Stroke = and No Valve Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

42、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6vContentsPage4 Unsymmetrical, Double Acting Compressor Cylinder with Rod Length/Stroke = 5 and No Valve Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Traveling

43、Wave in Infinite Length Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Mode Shapes of Half Wave Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Mode Shapes

44、of Quarter Wave Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Reducer with Dynamic Forces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Elbow with Dynam

45、ic Forces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1010 Tee with Dynamic Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1112 P

46、ulsation Suppression Device with Dynamic Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1211 Elbow with Dynamic Forces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1213 Shaking

47、 Force for Sample Pulsation Damper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1314 Shaking Force for Sample Pipe Lateral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1415 Head End (HE) P

48、ressure-Volume Card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1516 Ideal (Adiabatic) PV Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1617 Valve Loss

49、es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2118 Losses Due to Pulsation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2119 Losses Due to Pressure Drop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2220 Effect of Clearance Volume, Condition 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .