1、Pulsation and Vibration Control in Positive Displacement Machinery Systems for Petroleum, Petrochemical, and Natural Gas Industry ServicesAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 688 FIRST EDITION, APRIL 2012Pulsation and Vibration Control in Positive Displacement Machinery Systems for Petroleum, Petrochemical, and
2、 Natural Gas Industry ServicesDownstream SegmentAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 688 FIRST EDITION, APRIL 2012Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.Neither AP
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11、opying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Copyright 2012 American Petroleum InstituteForewordThis document is intended to describe, discuss and clarify the design of pu
12、lsation and vibration control for positive displacement machinery systems used for services in the petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries. The original focus of this document was to provide insight on the many changes to the pulsation and vibration material in the Clause 7.9 of the 5th
13、Edition of API 618 for reciprocating compressors only. Due to industry interest, the scope of this document has been expanded to include other types of positive displacement equipment (such as pumps and screw compressors). However, due to publication schedules, these other types of positive displace
14、ment equipment will be addressed in future editions.This document is not intended to be an all-inclusive source of information for this complex subject. Rather, it is offered as an introduction to the major aspects of pulsation and vibration control for positive displacement machinery addressed duri
15、ng a typical system design. A significant amount of the material has been extracted from documents previously published by the contributors. The different design philosophies of the various contributors are consolidated in this document to help users understand the choices available and make informe
16、d decisions about what is appropriate for their application. While the theory is generally applicable to all types of positive displacement machinery, the text in this edition will frequently refer specifically to reciprocating compressors.Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed
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22、 is published annually by API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiContentsPagePart 1: Pulsation and Vibration Control Fundamentals for Positive
23、Displacement Machinery1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Terms and Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Fundamentals of Pulsation and Mechanical Vibration Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.1 Overview of Pulsation Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.2 Overview of Mechanical Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 Fundamentals of Modeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664.1 Overview of Acoustic Modeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664.2 Overview of Mechanical Modeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734.3 Concurrent Acoustical and Mechanical Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734.4 Design Philosophies For Varying Degrees Of Acoustic And Mechanical Control . . . . . . . . .
28、. . . . . . . . . 744.5 Design Approach and Philosophy Selection Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765 Flow Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29、 . . . . . . . 785.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785.2 Flow Measurement by Measuring Differential Pressure (DP) - Orifice Plate, Nozzle, and Venturi . . . . . 805.
30、3 Flow Measurement by Turbine Flowmeters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805.4 Flow Measurement by Vortex Flowmeters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805.5 Flow me
31、asurement by ultrasonic flowmeters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815.6 Flow Measurement by Coriolis Flowmeters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825.7 References . . . .
32、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826 Results Reporting Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33、. 836.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837 Field testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897.1 Confirmation that Design Requirements Have Been Met . . . . . . . . . . .
35、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897.2 Vibration Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897.3 Excessive Pressure Drop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907.4 Premature Valve Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907.5 Driver Overload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907.6 Failure to Deliver Expected Flow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908 Valve Dynamic Performance Ana
38、lysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908.1 The VDPA Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908.2 Valve Reliabili
39、ty and Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918.3 Application Of Analysis Results To Valve Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918.4 Valve Dynamic
40、s Analysis Report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Figures1 Piston Motion and Velocity for a Slider Crank Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Single Acting Compr
41、essor Cylinder with Rod Length/Stroke = and No Valve Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Symmetrical, Double Acting Compressor Cylinder with Rod Length/Stroke = and No Valve Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6vContentsPage4 Unsymmetrical, Double Acting Compressor Cylinder with Rod Length/Stroke = 5 and No Valve Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Traveling
43、Wave in Infinite Length Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Mode Shapes of Half Wave Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Mode Shapes
44、of Quarter Wave Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Reducer with Dynamic Forces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Elbow with Dynam
45、ic Forces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1010 Tee with Dynamic Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1112 P
46、ulsation Suppression Device with Dynamic Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1211 Elbow with Dynamic Forces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1213 Shaking
47、 Force for Sample Pulsation Damper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1314 Shaking Force for Sample Pipe Lateral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1415 Head End (HE) P
48、ressure-Volume Card . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1516 Ideal (Adiabatic) PV Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1617 Valve Loss
49、es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2118 Losses Due to Pulsation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2119 Losses Due to Pressure Drop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2220 Effect of Clearance Volume, Condition 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
