API STD 530-2015 Calculation of Heater-tube Thickness in Petroleum Refineries (Seventh Edition).pdf

1、Calculation of Heater-tube Thickness in Petroleum RefineriesAPI STANDARD 530SEVENTH EDITION, APRIL 2015Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local,state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.Neither AP

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6、o obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgmentregarding when and where these publications should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API publicationsis not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in

7、conformance with the marking requirements of an API standardis solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that standard. API does not represent,warrant, or guarantee that such products do in fact conform to the applicable API standard.Users of this Standard should not r

8、ely exclusively on the information contained in this document. Sound business,scientific, engineering, and safety judgment should be used in employing the information contained herein.Where applicable, authorities having jurisdiction should be consulted.Work sites and equipment operations may differ

9、. Users are solely responsible for assessing their specific equipmentand premises in determining the appropriateness of applying the Standard. At all times users should employ soundbusiness, scientific, engineering, and judgment safety when using this Standard.API is not undertaking to meet the duti

10、es of employers, manufacturers, or suppliers to warn and properly train andequip their employees, and others exposed, concerning health and safety risks and precautions, nor undertaking theirobligations to comply with authorities having jurisdictionAll rights reserved. No part of this work may be re

11、produced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Copyright 2015

12、American Petroleum InstituteForewordNothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for themanufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent. Neither should anythingcontained in the publication be

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17、rds Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is publishedannually by API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW,Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi.or

18、g.iiiContentsPage1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Normative References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Terms and Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 General Design Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.1 Information Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.2 Limitations for Design Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.2 Equation for Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23、. . 85.3 Elastic Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.4 Rupture Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.5 Intermediate Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.6 Minimum Allowable Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.7 Minimum and Average Thicknesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.8 Equivalent Tube Metal Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105.9 Component Fittings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Allowable Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166.2 Elastic Allowable Stress . . . . . . . .

28、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166.3 Rupture Allowable Stress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166.4 Rupture Exponent

29、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166.5 Yield and Tensile Strengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30、. 166.6 Larson-Miller Parameter Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166.7 Limiting Design Metal Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31、. . . . . 176.8 Allowable Stress Curves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Sample Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207.1 Elastic Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207.2 Thermal-stress Check (for Elastic Range Only). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227.3 Rupture Design with Constant Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257.4 Rupture Design with Linearly Changing Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

34、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Annex A (informative) Estimation of Allowable Skin Temperature, Tube Retirement Thickness, and Remaining Life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1Annex B (i

35、nformative) Calculation of Maximum Radiant Section Tube Skin Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1Annex C (normative) Thermal-stress Limitations (Elastic Range). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1Annex D (informative) Calculation Sheets . . . . . . . .

36、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-1Annex E (normative) Stress Curves and Data Tables (SI Units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-1Annex F (normative) Stress Curves and Data Tables (USC Units) .

37、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-1Annex G (informative) Derivation of Corrosion Fraction and Temperature Fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-1Annex H (informative) Data Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

38、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-1Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bib-1vContentsPageFigures1 Corrosion Fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Temperature Fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Return Bend and Elbow Geome

40、try . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Sample Calculation for Elastic Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Sample Calculation for Ruptu

41、re Design (Constant Temperature) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Sample Calculation for Rupture Design (Changing Temperature) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31A.1 Tube Metal Temperature Limit Process Logic Map . . . . . . . . . . . .

42、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2A.2a Retirement Thickness Determination Process Logic Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-4A.2b Retirement Thickness Determination Process Logic Map (Continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43、 . . . . . . . . . . . A-5A.2c Retirement Thickness Determination Process Logic Map Continued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-6B.1 Ratio of Maximum Local to Average Heat Flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-6E.1 St

44、ress Curves (SI Units) for ASTM A192 Low-carbon Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-5E.2 Rupture Exponent vs. Temperature Curve (SI Units) for ASTM A192 Low-carbon Steels . . . . . . . . . . . E-6E.3 Larson-Miller Parameter vs. Stress Curve (SI Units) for A

45、STM A192 Low-carbon Steels . . . . . . . . . . . E-7E.4 Stress Curves (SI Units) for ASTM A106 Grade B and ASTM A210 Grade A1 Medium-carbon Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

46、 . . . E-9E.5 Rupture Exponent vs. Temperature Curve (SI Units) for ASTM A106 Grade B and ASTM A210 Grade A1 Medium-carbon Steels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-10E.6 Larson-Miller Parameter vs. Stress Curve (SI Unit

47、s) for ASTM A106 Grade B and ASTM A210 Grade A1 Medium-carbon Steels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E-11E.7 Stress Curves (SI Units) for ASTM A209 T1 and ASTM A335 P1 Carbon-1/2Mo Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . E-13E.

48、8 Rupture Exponent vs. Temperature Curve (SI Units) for ASTM A209 T1 and ASTM A335 P1 Carbon-1/2Mo Steels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-14E.9 Larson-Miller Parameter vs. Stress Curve (SI Units) f

49、or ASTM A209 T1 and ASTM A335 P1 Carbon-1/2Mo Steels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-15E.10 Stress Curves (SI Units) for ASTM A213 T11 and ASTM A335 P11 1-1/4Cr-1/2Mo Steels. . . . . . . . . . . E-17E.11 Rupture Exponent vs. Temperature Curve (SI Units) for ASTM A213 T11 and ASTM A335 P11 1-1/4Cr-1/2Mo Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-18E.12 Larson-Miller Parameter vs. Stress Cur