1、Calculation of Heater-tube Thickness in Petroleum RefineriesAPI STANDARD 530SEVENTH EDITION, APRIL 2015Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local,state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.Neither AP
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18、g.iiiContentsPage1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Normative References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Terms and Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 General Design Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.1 Information Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.2 Limitations for Design Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.2 Equation for Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23、 . 85.3 Elastic Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.4 Rupture Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.5 Intermediate Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.6 Minimum Allowable Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.7 Minimum and Average Thicknesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.8 Equivalent Tube Metal Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105.9 Component Fittings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Allowable Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166.2 Elastic Allowable Stress . . . . . . . .
28、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166.3 Rupture Allowable Stress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166.4 Rupture Exponent
29、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166.5 Yield and Tensile Strengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30、 166.6 Larson-Miller Parameter Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166.7 Limiting Design Metal Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31、 . . . . 176.8 Allowable Stress Curves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Sample Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207.1 Elastic Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207.2 Thermal-stress Check (for Elastic Range Only). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227.3 Rupture Design with Constant Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257.4 Rupture Design with Linearly Changing Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Annex A (informative) Estimation of Allowable Skin Temperature, Tube Retirement Thickness, and Remaining Life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1Annex B (i
35、nformative) Calculation of Maximum Radiant Section Tube Skin Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1Annex C (normative) Thermal-stress Limitations (Elastic Range). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1Annex D (informative) Calculation Sheets . . . . . . . .
36、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-1Annex E (normative) Stress Curves and Data Tables (SI Units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-1Annex F (normative) Stress Curves and Data Tables (USC Units) .
37、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F-1Annex G (informative) Derivation of Corrosion Fraction and Temperature Fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-1Annex H (informative) Data Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-1Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bib-1vContentsPageFigures1 Corrosion Fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Temperature Fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Return Bend and Elbow Geome
40、try . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Sample Calculation for Elastic Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Sample Calculation for Ruptu
41、re Design (Constant Temperature) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Sample Calculation for Rupture Design (Changing Temperature) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31A.1 Tube Metal Temperature Limit Process Logic Map . . . . . . . . . . . .
42、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2A.2a Retirement Thickness Determination Process Logic Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-4A.2b Retirement Thickness Determination Process Logic Map (Continued) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43、 . . . . . . . . . . . A-5A.2c Retirement Thickness Determination Process Logic Map Continued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-6B.1 Ratio of Maximum Local to Average Heat Flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-6E.1 St
44、ress Curves (SI Units) for ASTM A192 Low-carbon Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-5E.2 Rupture Exponent vs. Temperature Curve (SI Units) for ASTM A192 Low-carbon Steels . . . . . . . . . . . E-6E.3 Larson-Miller Parameter vs. Stress Curve (SI Units) for A
45、STM A192 Low-carbon Steels . . . . . . . . . . . E-7E.4 Stress Curves (SI Units) for ASTM A106 Grade B and ASTM A210 Grade A1 Medium-carbon Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46、 . . . E-9E.5 Rupture Exponent vs. Temperature Curve (SI Units) for ASTM A106 Grade B and ASTM A210 Grade A1 Medium-carbon Steels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-10E.6 Larson-Miller Parameter vs. Stress Curve (SI Unit
47、s) for ASTM A106 Grade B and ASTM A210 Grade A1 Medium-carbon Steels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E-11E.7 Stress Curves (SI Units) for ASTM A209 T1 and ASTM A335 P1 Carbon-1/2Mo Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . E-13E.
48、8 Rupture Exponent vs. Temperature Curve (SI Units) for ASTM A209 T1 and ASTM A335 P1 Carbon-1/2Mo Steels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-14E.9 Larson-Miller Parameter vs. Stress Curve (SI Units) f
49、or ASTM A209 T1 and ASTM A335 P1 Carbon-1/2Mo Steels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-15E.10 Stress Curves (SI Units) for ASTM A213 T11 and ASTM A335 P11 1-1/4Cr-1/2Mo Steels. . . . . . . . . . . E-17E.11 Rupture Exponent vs. Temperature Curve (SI Units) for ASTM A213 T11 and ASTM A335 P11 1-1/4Cr-1/2Mo Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-18E.12 Larson-Miller Parameter vs. Stress Cur
