API STD 7CW-2015 Casing Wear Tests (First Edition).pdf

1、Casing Wear TestsAPI STANDARD 7CW FIRST EDITION, JUNE 2015Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors,

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15、ls is published annually by API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiContentsPage1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Normative References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Terms, Definitions, and Abbr

17、eviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.1 Terms and Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.2 Abbreviatio

18、ns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19、 . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.2 Casing Wear Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.3 Open-hole Test Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.4 Manufacturer Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.5 Test Agency Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.6 General Requirements for Qualification Testing Facili

22、ty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115.2 Water-base Drilling Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115.3 Steel

24、 Test Specimen (base metal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125.4 Surface Coated Material Test Specimen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125.5 C

25、asing Specimen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125.6 Abrasive Cylinder for Open-hole Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26、. . 126 Testing Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126.1 Surface Finish Roughness Profile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27、. . . . . . . . . . . 126.2 Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Figures1 Measurable Wear Groove Inside a Casing Tubular Create

29、d by Rotating Drill Stem Element, Typically a Tool Joint with Material Coating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Drill Stem Element Test Specimen with a Material Coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30、. . . . . . . . 63 Casing Wear Test Apparatus for Cased-hole Test Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Material Coating Worn Away by Means of Abrasion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Aluminum Oxid

31、e Abrasive Cylinder Mounted in a Piece of Casing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Test Specimen Wear Apparatus for Open-hole Test Configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Tipped Cantilever Measuring Surface Profile. . . . . . . .

32、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Raw Roughness Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Casing Wear Test Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Tables1 Material and Amount Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Test Specimen and Dimensional Requirements . .

34、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12v1Casing Wear Tests1 ScopeIt is the intent of this standard to provide a method by which results will be reproducible, under a specified set of conditions, for conducting tests that determine casing wear due t

35、o rotation of drill stem elements.This standard is intended to be used in a laboratory environment and is not intended for use in the field during operations. The testing requirements in this standard are not represented at well conditions. This standard is divided into four major areas: machine app

36、aratus, procedures, materials, and reporting.This standard will not address the significance of specific data values. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish the appropriate test data values that are acceptable based on their respective application, operational limitations

37、, and safety practices.2 Normative ReferencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. API

38、Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards Chapter 10.4, Determination of Water and/or Sediment in Crude Oil by the Centrifuge Method (Field Procedure)API Recommended Practice 13B-1, Recommended Practice for Field Testing Water-Based Drilling FluidsAPI Recommended Practice 19C, Measurement of Propert

39、ies of Proppants Used in Hydraulic Fracturing and Gravel-Packing OperationsAPI Specification 5CT, Specification for Casing and TubingAPI Specification 5DP, Specification for Drill Pipe3 Terms, Definitions, and Abbreviations3.1 Terms and DefinitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following def

40、initions apply.3.1.1 asperityProtuberance in the small-scale topographical irregularities of a solid surface.3.1.2 axial friction factorRatio of frictional force and contact force between the test specimen and the casing while sliding (not rotating).3.1.3 axial-loadForce imparted by the tool joint s

41、pecimen against the inside casing wall.2 API STANDARD 7CW3.1.4 coefficient of frictionDimensionless ratio of the friction force between two bodies to the normal force pressing these bodies together.3.1.5 contact pressureLateral-load applied by the test specimen to the casing divided by the area of c

42、ontact.NOTE Since the lateral-load is constant during a wear test, the contact pressure decreases as the wear groove deepens and widens during the wear test.3.1.6 contact pressure thresholdMinimum pressure exerted by the test specimen on the inside casing wall that will produce wear; a more definiti

43、ve predictor of wear than the “Wear Factor”.NOTE Factors that determine contact pressure threshold include wear groove width, wear groove depth, and the lateral-load of the test specimen on the casing.3.1.7 critical wear groove depthWear groove depth when the wear grove width is equal to the test sp

44、ecimen diameter.3.1.8 drill stem element test specimenTool joint test specimen.3.1.9 field-readyTest specimen looks like and has the same surface finish as an equivalent material would be received at the well site.3.1.10 gallingWear mechanism with the wear debris described as flakes.3.1.11 grindingW

45、ear mechanism with the wear debris described as a powder.3.1.12 lateral-load (side-load)Contact force of the test specimen against the casing specimen divided by the net length of the hardband or material coating on the test specimen.3.1.13 machiningWear mechanism with the wear debris described as c

46、hips.3.1.14 manufacturerPrincipal agent in the design, fabrication, and furnishing of the test specimen who chooses to comply with this standard.CASING WEAR TESTS 33.1.15 moment-loadForce imparted on casing specimen upon introduction of lateral-load and rotation of the tool joint specimen.3.1.16 nor

47、malizedTest specimens with hardband material come from the manufacturer with varying OD dimensions.NOTE Normalization is the mathematical process to equate those varying dimensions to 6.25 in. test specimen OD, 95/8 in., 58.4 lb/ft casing with 0.595 in. wall.3.1.17 polishingWear mechanism with the w

48、ear debris described as a fine powder.3.1.18 rotational friction factorRatio of frictional force and contact force between the test specimen and the casing while rotating.3.1.19 side-load (lateral-load)Contact force of the test specimen against the casing specimen divided by the net length of the ha

49、rdband or material coating on the test specimen.3.1.20 sliding distanceDistance traveled by a point on the periphery of the test specimen as it contacts the inner casing wall.3.1.21 specific energyEnergy required to remove one cubic inch of material from one foot of the inner casing wall, lbf-in. per cubic in.3.1.22 surface finishFinal manufactured or machined exterior evaluated by a mean roughness index number, Ra.3.1.23 surface roughnessGeometrical characteristics of the surface that may include macro-deviations, surface waviness, and micro-irregularities.3.1.24 surface roughness num