1、Casing Wear TestsAPI STANDARD 7CW FIRST EDITION, JUNE 2015Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors,
2、 consultants, committees, or other assignees make any warranty or representation, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained herein, or assume any liability or responsibility for any use, or the results of such use, of any inform
3、ation or process disclosed in this publication. Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, or other assignees represent that use of this publication would not infringe upon privately owned rights.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been
4、 made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its
5、 use or for the violation of any authorities having jurisdiction with which this publication may conflict.API publications are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineering and operating practices. These publications are not intended to obviate the need for applying sou
6、nd engineering judgment regarding when and where these publications should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API publications is not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking requ
7、irements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such products do in fact conform to the applicable API standard.Users of this Standard should not rely exclusively on the informat
8、ion contained in this document. Sound business, scientific, engineering, and safety judgment should be used in employing the information contained herein. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, m
9、echanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Copyright 2015 American Petroleum InstituteForewordNothing contained in any API publication is to be construe
10、d as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.Shall: As
11、used in a standard, “shall” denotes a minimum requirement in order to conform to the specification.Should: As used in a standard, “should” denotes a recommendation or that which is advised but not required in order to conform to the specification. This document was produced under API standardization
12、 procedures that ensure appropriate notification and participation in the developmental process and is designated as an API standard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this publication or comments and questions concerning the procedures under which this publication was develo
13、ped should be directed in writing to the Director of Standards, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the director.Generally, API standards
14、are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years. A one-time extension of up to two years may be added to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materia
15、ls is published annually by API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiContentsPage1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Normative References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Terms, Definitions, and Abbr
17、eviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.1 Terms and Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.2 Abbreviatio
18、ns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19、 . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.2 Casing Wear Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.3 Open-hole Test Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.4 Manufacturer Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64.5 Test Agency Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.6 General Requirements for Qualification Testing Facili
22、ty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115.2 Water-base Drilling Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115.3 Steel
24、 Test Specimen (base metal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125.4 Surface Coated Material Test Specimen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125.5 C
25、asing Specimen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125.6 Abrasive Cylinder for Open-hole Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26、. . 126 Testing Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126.1 Surface Finish Roughness Profile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27、. . . . . . . . . . . 126.2 Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Figures1 Measurable Wear Groove Inside a Casing Tubular Create
29、d by Rotating Drill Stem Element, Typically a Tool Joint with Material Coating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Drill Stem Element Test Specimen with a Material Coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30、. . . . . . . . 63 Casing Wear Test Apparatus for Cased-hole Test Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Material Coating Worn Away by Means of Abrasion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Aluminum Oxid
31、e Abrasive Cylinder Mounted in a Piece of Casing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Test Specimen Wear Apparatus for Open-hole Test Configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Tipped Cantilever Measuring Surface Profile. . . . . . . .
32、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Raw Roughness Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Casing Wear Test Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Tables1 Material and Amount Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Test Specimen and Dimensional Requirements . .
34、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12v1Casing Wear Tests1 ScopeIt is the intent of this standard to provide a method by which results will be reproducible, under a specified set of conditions, for conducting tests that determine casing wear due t
35、o rotation of drill stem elements.This standard is intended to be used in a laboratory environment and is not intended for use in the field during operations. The testing requirements in this standard are not represented at well conditions. This standard is divided into four major areas: machine app
36、aratus, procedures, materials, and reporting.This standard will not address the significance of specific data values. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish the appropriate test data values that are acceptable based on their respective application, operational limitations
37、, and safety practices.2 Normative ReferencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. API
38、Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards Chapter 10.4, Determination of Water and/or Sediment in Crude Oil by the Centrifuge Method (Field Procedure)API Recommended Practice 13B-1, Recommended Practice for Field Testing Water-Based Drilling FluidsAPI Recommended Practice 19C, Measurement of Propert
39、ies of Proppants Used in Hydraulic Fracturing and Gravel-Packing OperationsAPI Specification 5CT, Specification for Casing and TubingAPI Specification 5DP, Specification for Drill Pipe3 Terms, Definitions, and Abbreviations3.1 Terms and DefinitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following def
40、initions apply.3.1.1 asperityProtuberance in the small-scale topographical irregularities of a solid surface.3.1.2 axial friction factorRatio of frictional force and contact force between the test specimen and the casing while sliding (not rotating).3.1.3 axial-loadForce imparted by the tool joint s
41、pecimen against the inside casing wall.2 API STANDARD 7CW3.1.4 coefficient of frictionDimensionless ratio of the friction force between two bodies to the normal force pressing these bodies together.3.1.5 contact pressureLateral-load applied by the test specimen to the casing divided by the area of c
42、ontact.NOTE Since the lateral-load is constant during a wear test, the contact pressure decreases as the wear groove deepens and widens during the wear test.3.1.6 contact pressure thresholdMinimum pressure exerted by the test specimen on the inside casing wall that will produce wear; a more definiti
43、ve predictor of wear than the “Wear Factor”.NOTE Factors that determine contact pressure threshold include wear groove width, wear groove depth, and the lateral-load of the test specimen on the casing.3.1.7 critical wear groove depthWear groove depth when the wear grove width is equal to the test sp
44、ecimen diameter.3.1.8 drill stem element test specimenTool joint test specimen.3.1.9 field-readyTest specimen looks like and has the same surface finish as an equivalent material would be received at the well site.3.1.10 gallingWear mechanism with the wear debris described as flakes.3.1.11 grindingW
45、ear mechanism with the wear debris described as a powder.3.1.12 lateral-load (side-load)Contact force of the test specimen against the casing specimen divided by the net length of the hardband or material coating on the test specimen.3.1.13 machiningWear mechanism with the wear debris described as c
46、hips.3.1.14 manufacturerPrincipal agent in the design, fabrication, and furnishing of the test specimen who chooses to comply with this standard.CASING WEAR TESTS 33.1.15 moment-loadForce imparted on casing specimen upon introduction of lateral-load and rotation of the tool joint specimen.3.1.16 nor
47、malizedTest specimens with hardband material come from the manufacturer with varying OD dimensions.NOTE Normalization is the mathematical process to equate those varying dimensions to 6.25 in. test specimen OD, 95/8 in., 58.4 lb/ft casing with 0.595 in. wall.3.1.17 polishingWear mechanism with the w
48、ear debris described as a fine powder.3.1.18 rotational friction factorRatio of frictional force and contact force between the test specimen and the casing while rotating.3.1.19 side-load (lateral-load)Contact force of the test specimen against the casing specimen divided by the net length of the ha
49、rdband or material coating on the test specimen.3.1.20 sliding distanceDistance traveled by a point on the periphery of the test specimen as it contacts the inner casing wall.3.1.21 specific energyEnergy required to remove one cubic inch of material from one foot of the inner casing wall, lbf-in. per cubic in.3.1.22 surface finishFinal manufactured or machined exterior evaluated by a mean roughness index number, Ra.3.1.23 surface roughnessGeometrical characteristics of the surface that may include macro-deviations, surface waviness, and micro-irregularities.3.1.24 surface roughness num
