1、Avoidance of Blockages in Subsea Production Control and Chemical Injection SystemsAPI TECHNICAL REPORT 17TR5 FIRST EDITION, MARCH 2012Avoidance of Blockages in Subsea Production Control and Chemical Injection SystemsUpstream SegmentAPI TECHNICAL REPORT 17TR5 FIRST EDITION, MARCH 2012Special NotesAPI
2、 publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make any warranty or represen
3、tation, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained herein, or assume any liability or responsibility for any use, or the results of such use, of any information or process disclosed in this publication. Neither API nor any of API
4、s employees, subcontractors, consultants, or other assignees represent that use of this publication would not infringe upon privately owned rights.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data
5、contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having jurisdiction with whic
6、h this publication may conflict.API publications are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineering and operating practices. These publications are not intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these publications should
7、 be utilized. The formulation and publication of API publications is not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all t
8、he applicable requirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such products do in fact conform to the applicable API standard.Users of this Technical Report should not rely exclusively on the information contained in this document. Sound business, scientific, engine
9、ering, and safety judgment should be used in employing the information contained herein. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior wr
10、itten permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Copyright 2012 American Petroleum InstituteForewordThis document was generated, by means of the BASICS Joint Industry Project (JIP) in response to the continuing problem of bl
11、ockages occurring in control and chemical injection fluid (CIF) conduits incorporated in subsea production systems (SPSs). The JIP committee comprised a representative cross section of experienced industry personnel from engineering, manufacturing and operational organizations. While there are unive
12、rsally accepted standards for the design of a SPS and its sub-systems, none of these standards specifically address the subject of blockages and the measures necessary to minimize the risk of such occurrences. The intent of the BASICS JIP is to produce a recommended practice document for global indu
13、stry use to address the issue using a holistic system approach.This document is intended to be used as a reference guide by designers and operators of SPSs and also by control and production chemical fluid (PCF) manufacturers. It is also intended to be used as a reference document to enable audits t
14、o be undertaken to ensure that blockages avoidance has been properly considered as part of SPS design and operations reviews.Additionally, the document has been designed to be educational such that persons new to the industry, or, less experienced persons within the industry, can understand the exte
15、nt and complexity of SPSs and more readily assimilate the blockage avoidance content contained herein.Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by lett
16、ers patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi.org.ii
17、iContentsPage1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Normative References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Terms, Definitions, and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.1 Terms and Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.2 Abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Subsea Production System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . .
21、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.2 Description of Subsea Production System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.3 Fluid Service . .
22、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.4 Potential Areas for Blockages Occurrence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.5
23、 Potential Causes of Blockages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.6 System Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24、. . . . . . . . . 105.7 Complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Quality, Health, Safety, and Environment (QHS this depends on the nature of the SPS and knowledge and exper
25、ience of the system and fluid designers.While the aim of this document is to prevent blockages in a SPS, it also addresses the issues of topside equipment which provides the control and chemical injection (CI) services necessary for the operation and performance of a SPS. The correct design of a SPS
26、 and the fluids to be utilized, and operation of the SPS including topside fluid bunkering, are critically important in avoiding blockages.2 Normative ReferencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited app
27、lies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. API Recommended Practice 17A/ISO 13628-1, Design and Operation Of Subsea Production SystemsGeneral Requirements And RecommendationsAPI Specification 17D/ISO 13628-4, Design and Operation o
28、f Subsea Production SystemsSubsea Wellhead And Tree EquipmentAPI Specification 17E/ISO 13628-5, Specification for Subsea UmbilicalsAPI Specification 17F/ISO 13628-6, Specification for Subsea Production Control SystemsAPI Recommended Practice 17G/ISO 13628-7, Recommended Practice for Completion/Worko
29、ver Riser SystemsAPI Recommended Practice 17N, Recommended PracticeSubsea Production SystemReliability and Technical Risk ManagementAPI Technical Report 17TR6, Attributes of Production Chemicals in Subsea Production Systems2 API TECHNICAL REPORT 17TR5ISO 4407 1, Hydraulic Fluid PowerFluid Contaminat
30、ionDetermination of Particulate Contamination by the Counting Method Using an Optical MicroscopeISO 20815, Petroleum, Petrochemical and Natural Gas IndustriesProduction Assurance and Reliability ManagementISO 11014, Safety Data Sheet for Chemical Products-Part 1: Content and Order of SectionsSAE AS
31、4059 (2001) 2, Aerospace Fluid PowerCleanliness Classification for Hydraulic Fluids3 Terms, Definitions, and AbbreviationsIt should be noted that in the design, manufacture, installation/commissioning and de-commissioning of a SPS, a wide range of disciplines are involved (project engineers, product
32、ion chemists, equipment designers, etc.). In some instances, different terminology is used depending on the discipline involved. The general approach to terminology in this document has been to adopt the term considered to have the greater area of usage with cross reference to alternative terminolog
33、y used by other disciplines.3.1 Terms and DefinitionsThe following terms and definitions apply to this document.3.1.1 blockageTotal or partial loss of flow in a control or chemical injection fluid (CIF) circuit forming part of a SPS. 3.1.2 brownfield developmentAddition, extension, or re-development
34、 of an existing SPS.3.1.3 bunkeringProcess of transferring control/PCFs from their shipping containers into the host facility storage tanks and the subsequent storage in such tanks prior to, or during pumping into the SPS.3.1.4 chemical injection fluid See production chemical fluid.3.1.5 chemical in
35、jection system Whole of the chemical injection (CI) arrangement ranging from the host facility equipment through to, and including, the injection equipment at the points of injection; that includes all fluid conduits necessary to transport the PCFs and any intermediate equipment that may be used to
36、distribute PCFs.3.1.6 completion fluidFluid in the “A” annulus of a well between the production tubing and the well casing. NOTE Such fluid may have been in the annulus when the well completion (tubulars, screens, packers, etc.) was performed or was circulated into the annulus after well completion.
37、 May also be known as workover fluid.1International Organization for Standardization, 1, ch. de la Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, www.iso.org.2Society of Automotive Engineers, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, Pennsylvania 15096-0001, www.sae.org.AVOIDANCE OF BLOCKA
38、GES IN SUBSEA PRODUCTION CONTROL AND CHEMICAL INJECTION SYSTEMS 33.1.7 control fluid Sometimes referred to as hydraulic fluid.Fluid in a SPS used to transmit both hydraulic signals and power from one location in the system to another location. NOTE 1 Such fluids may be either oil or water based and
39、contain inhibitors to prevent corrosion, biological growth and to tolerate a degree of seawater ingress without having a significant effect on performance and characteristics.NOTE 2 Control fluid may be expected to remain in some parts of a SPS for the productive life of the field, thus long term st
40、ability is very important.3.1.8 dead spotLocalized region in a fluid circuit whereby fluid in a flowing circuit is stationary or flows at a much lower velocity than the bulk fluid e.g. step change in bore diameter.3.1.9 delivery fluidFluid that is in the fluid conduits at the time of delivery of the
41、 SPS equipment. NOTE This fluid may be the service fluid, or where not the service fluid, will be changed out with the specified service fluid following installation of the equipment.3.1.10 designDocumentation required to enable production of a product or execution of a service. NOTE This documentat
42、ion, or parts thereof, should enable a design or service review to be performed.3.1.11 design reviewFormal, documented comprehensive and systematic examination of a design to evaluate the design and the capability of the design to meet these requirements and to identify problems and proposed solutio
43、ns.3.1.12 downholePart of a well bore below the mud line.3.1.13 fluid conduitSteel tube or thermoplastic hose used in an umbilical, jumper bundle/assembly, rigid pipe-work, etc., for the transmission of control and PCFs used in a SPS. Also includes fluid conduits used for the conveyance of hydrocarb
44、ons as part of annulus bleed or gas lift requirements.3.1.14 fluid change-outThe replacement of a SPS service fluid by another service fluid, including replacement of delivery fluid by service fluid.3.1.15 fluid stabilityQuality of a fluid being stable whereby the characteristics (chemical, physical
45、, micro-biological) remain unchanged with time, after a disturbance or subject to environmental exposure, (UV, elevated temperature, etc.).4 API TECHNICAL REPORT 17TR53.1.16 go/no go testTest involving the use of upper and lower specified limits. NOTE For measurements/observations above the upper li
46、mit and below the lower limit, the test results identify non-compliance with specification requirements. For measurements/observations between the upper and lower limits the results identify compliance.3.1.17 hydraulic fluidSee control fluid.3.1.18 host facilityOffshore platform, floating facility,
47、land based control station to which a SPS is tied-back.3.1.19 jumper arrangementJumper bundle, jumper assembly, flying lead, manipulated tube, etc., used to make short jumper connections in the fluid circuitry, e.g. between an umbilical subsea termination and a tree or manifold.3.1.20 Key Performanc
48、e IndicatorCritical measurement (quantitative or qualitative) of the performance of essential tasks, operations, or processes, for comparison against established norms that allows performance to be assessed.3.1.21 mappingProcess of making diagrammatic representations of aspects/issues relating to th
49、e design, manufacture, load-out and installation of the components that comprise the SPS, e.g. materials of construction, damage/potential damage locations.3.1.22 mayIndicates a possible course of action.3.1.23 normative referenceDetails (title, reference number, revision number, etc.) identifying a specific document that provides rules, guidelines or characteristics, for activities or their results.NOTE The term normative reference is a generic term that covers the references of such documents as standards, technical specifications, codes of practice, and regulations
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