ANSI NEMA C18.4M-2015 Portable Cells and Batteries - Environmental.pdf

1、NEMA Standards PublicationNational Electrical Manufacturers AssociationANSI C18.4M-2015Portable Cells andBatteries - EnvironmentalANSI C18.4M-2015 American National Standard for Portable Cells and BatteriesEnvironmental Secretariat: National Electrical Manufacturers Association Approved: April 23, 2

2、015 American National Standards Institute, Inc. 2015 National Electrical Manufacturers Association NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER The information in this publication was considered technically sound by the consensus of persons engaged in the development and approval of the document at the time it was develop

3、ed. Consensus does not necessarily mean that there is unanimous agreement among every person participating in the development of this document. ANSI standards and guideline publications, of which the document contained herein is one, are developed through a voluntary consensus standards development

4、process. This process brings together volunteers and/or seeks out the views of persons who have an interest in the topic covered by this publication. While NEMA administers the process to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not write the document and it does not independently t

5、est, evaluate, or verify the accuracy or completeness of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards and guideline publications. NEMA disclaims liability for any personal injury, property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, conseque

6、ntial, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, application, or reliance on this document. NEMA disclaims and makes no guaranty or warranty, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and disclaims and makes no

7、 warranty that the information in this document will fulfill any of your particular purposes or needs. NEMA does not undertake to guarantee the performance of any individual manufacturer or sellers products or services by virtue of this standard or guide. In publishing and making this document avail

8、able, NEMA is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity, nor is NEMA undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using this document should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate,

9、 seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. Information and other standards on the topic covered by this publication may be available from other sources, which the user may wish to consult for additional views or information

10、 not covered by this publication. NEMA has no power, nor does it undertake to police or enforce compliance with the contents of this document. NEMA does not certify, test, or inspect products, designs, or installations for safety or health purposes. Any certification or other statement of compliance

11、 with any health- or safety-related information in this document shall not be attributable to NEMA and is solely the responsibility of the certifier or maker of the statement. ANSI C18.4M-2015 2015 National Electrical Manufacturers Association i AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Approval of an American Nat

12、ional Standard requires verification by the American National Standards Institute, Inc. (ANSI) that the requirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by the standards developer. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Rev

13、iew, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their res

14、olution. The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standards. The A

15、merican National Standards Institute, Inc., does not develop standards and will in no circumstances give an interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the American

16、National Standards Institute, Inc. Requests for interpretations should be addressed to the secretariat or sponsor whose name appears on the title page of this standard. CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National St

17、andards Institute, Inc., require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of approval. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards In

18、stitute, Inc. Published by National Electrical Manufacturers Association 1300 North 17th Street, Suite 900, Rosslyn, VA 22209 2015 National Electrical Manufacturers Association All rights, including translation into other languages, reserved under the Universal Copyright Convention, the Berne Conven

19、tion for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, and the International and Pan American copyright conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United St

20、ates of America ANSI C18.4M-2015 ii 2015 National Electrical Manufacturers Association Foreword (This foreword is not part of American National Standard C18.4M-2015.) The purpose of this publication is to provide guidance on the proper scientific protocols for testing the environmental performance o

21、f batteries; the symbols used to convey messages for collection, recycling, or other ideas; and the aspects and functional unit(s) to be included in assessing the environmental impact of batteries with modern life-cycle analysis techniques. Suggestions for improvement of this standard are welcome. T

22、hey should be sent to: Secretary, C18 Committee National Electrical Manufacturers Association 1300 North 17th Street, Suite 900 Rosslyn, VA 22209 This standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by the Accredited Standards Committee on Portable Cells and Batteries, C18. Committee appro

23、val of the standard does not necessarily imply that all committee members voted for its approval. At the time it approved this standard, the C18 committee had the following members: Steven Wicelinski, Chairman Marcus Boolish, Vice-chairman Andrei Moldoveanu, NEMA, Secretary Organization Represented:

24、 Name of Representative: BAE Systems Lewis Bachman DNV-GL James C. DeJager Duracell Steven Wicelinski Energizer Marcus K. Boolish Carin Stuart (Alternate) Fisher Price/Mattel Douglas G. Golde Intertek Testing Services, NA Tom OHara Rich Byczek (Alternate) Kids II, Inc. Robert Coughlin Portable Power

25、 Consultants, LLC Ramesh V. Shah Panasonic Battery Corporation of America Charles P. Monahan SGS Jody Leber Spectrum Brands, Inc. John L. Hadley Denis Carpenter (Alternate) UL LLC Laurie Florence IEC TC35 TAG TA S. Keel Kelly ANSI C18.4M-2015 2015 National Electrical Manufacturers Association iii Th

26、e following members of Subcommittee C18-4 for Environmental Aspects for Batteries contributed to development of this standard: Marcus Boolish, Chairman Charles Monahan, Vice-chairman Andrei Moldoveanu, NEMA, Secretary Michael H. Babiak Consultant Marcus K. Boolish Energizer Battery Manufacturing, In

27、c. Denis Carpenter Spectrum Brands, Inc. James C. DeJager DNV-GL Laurie Florence UL LLC Douglas Golde Fisher-Price John Hadley Spectrum Brands, Inc. Jody Leber SGS North America Andrew J. Markow BAE Systems Charles P. Monahan Panasonic Energy Corporation of America Thomas OHara Intertek Testing Serv

28、ices, NA. Troy Renken ZPower, LLC Ramesh V. Shah Portable Power Consultants, LLC Carin Stuart Energizer Battery Manufacturing, Inc. ANSI C18.4M-2015 iv 2015 National Electrical Manufacturers Association Contents Foreword ii Introduction . vi 1 Scope and Purpose . 1 1.1 Scope . 1 1.2 Purpose 1 2 Norm

29、ative References . 1 3 Terms and Definitions . 1 4 General Considerations 2 5 Requirements for the Environment 2 5.1 General . 2 5.2 United States Public Law US 104-142 3 5.3 State Laws 3 Mercury Content Laws . 3 Collection and Recycling Requirements 3 Perchlorate Requirements (California) 3 Califor

30、nia Battery Disposal Ban . 3 6 Test Procedures and Compliance 4 6.1 United States Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)40 CFR Part 261 Subpart C 4 6.1.1 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) 40 CFR 261.24 . 4 6.1.2 Ignitability 40 CFR 261.21 . 4 6.1.3 Reactivity 40 CFR 261.23 . 4

31、 6.1.4 Corrosivity 40 CFR 261.22 4 6.2 Mercury Content . 5 6.3 Lead Content 5 6.4 Cadmium Content 5 7 Information for the Environment 5 7.1 Reduction . 5 7.2 Reuse . 5 7.3 Recycle . 5 7.3.1 Recycling Efficiency . 5 7.4 Disposal 6 7.5 Manufacturing 6 7.6 Transportation, Storage, Disposal, and Recycli

32、ng . 7 8 Life Cycle Assessment . 7 9 Marking 7 9.1 Marking for Collection/Recycling 7 10 Battery Selection 7 Annex A (informative) NON-US REGULATIONS APPLICABLE TO BATTERIES 8 A.1 EU REACH Directive 1907/2006/EC . 8 A.1.1 Phthalates 8 A.2 EU Battery Directive 2006/66/EC . 8 A.2.1 Marking for “Collec

33、tion/Recycling” . 8 ANSI C18.4M-2015 2015 National Electrical Manufacturers Association v Annex B (informative) NON-US REGULATIONS NOT APPLICABLE TO BATTERIES . 9 B.1 RoHS 2 Directive 2011/65/EC . 9 B.2 WEEE Directive 2002/96/EC 9 B.3 EuP Directive 2005/32/EC . 9 B.4 ErP 2009/125/EC . 9 B.5 PVC and

34、Halogens per IEC 61249-2-21 9 B.6 Directive 2005/84/EC Phthalate Directive 9 Annex C (informative) US REGULATIONS NOT APPLICABLE TO BATTERIES 10 C.1 California Proposition 65 10 C.2 Safety Data Sheets SDS 10 C.3 Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act (CPSIA) . 10 Annex D (informative) PACKAGING 11

35、D.1 General . 11 Annex E (informative) COMPLIANCE CHECKLIST 12 Annex F BIBLIOGRAPHY 13 ANSI C18.4M-2015 vi 2015 National Electrical Manufacturers Association Introduction Every product has some effect on the environment during its manufacture, distribution, use, and disposal. These effects can range

36、 from slight to significant; they can be short-term or long-term; and they can occur at the global, regional, or local level. Provisions in battery standards can significantly influence the extent of these environmental effects. Environmental stewardship in the battery industry embraces a multiplici

37、ty of activities, from design, manufacturing, transportation, storage, and recycling, to disposal of the batteries. There are often questions on the applicability of regulations to batteries. This standard provides guidance on regulations applicable and not applicable to batteries, as well as proced

38、ures for measuring environmental characteristics. ANSI C18.4M-2015 2015 National Electrical Manufacturers Association 1 1 Scope and Purpose 1.1 SCOPE This standard applies to all chemistries of portable primary cells and batteries standardized in the ANSI C18 series. 1.2 PURPOSE This American Nation

39、al Standard is intended to: a) Raise awareness that provisions in battery standards can affect the environment in negative and positive ways; b) Outline the relationship between battery standards and the environment; c) Help avoid provisions in battery standards that might lead to adverse environmen

40、tal effects; d) Emphasize that addressing environmental aspects in battery standards is a complex process that requires a balance in competing priorities; e) Recommend the use of recognized scientific methodologies when developing battery standards that incorporate environmental aspects. In order to

41、 achieve this purpose, this standard: f) Sets forth general considerations that should be taken into account when developing battery standards which balance the need to achieve the intended product performance while reducing adverse environmental effects; g) Outlines ways in which provisions in batt

42、ery standards might affect the environment throughout the life cycle of battery products. 2 Normative References The following standards contain provisions that, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this American National Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicat

43、ed were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this American National Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. IEC GUIDE 109: 2012, Environmental aspectsInclusion in electro

44、technical product standards ISO Draft GUIDE 64: 2008, Guide for the inclusion of environmental aspects in product standards ISO 14040: 2006, Environmental managementLife cycle assessmentPrinciples and framework 3 Terms and Definitions For the purposes of this American National Standard, the followin

45、g definitions apply: 3.1 battery, easily removable: a battery that can be removed without permanent damage to the product 3.2 battery, portable: a battery that is easily carried and doesnt exceed 5 kg 3.3 cadmium free: a battery that contains less than 20 parts per million cadmium 3.4 collection rat

46、e: calculated by dividing the total weight of the batteries that are collected during a calendar year by the average annual weight of batteries that were estimated to have been sold during the previous three calendar years 3.5 environmental impact assessment (EIA): a process to determine the magnitu

47、de and significance of environmental impacts within the confines of the goals, scope, and objective defined in the life cycle assessment ANSI C18.4M-2015 2 2015 National Electrical Manufacturers Association 3.6 end of life (EOL): state of a product when it is finally removed from use 3.7 input fract

48、ion: the mass of collected waste batteries entering the recycling process 3.8 life cycle: the consecutive and interlinked stages, and all directly associated significant inputs and outputs, of a system from the extraction or exploitation of natural resources to the final disposal of all materials as

49、 irretrievable wastes or dissipated energy 3.9 mercury free: a battery that contains less than 5 parts per million mercury 3.10 “natural” environment: (hereafter referred to as environment) attributes that affect quality of life, such as water, air, and soil quality; conservation of energy and materials; and avoidance of wastes 3.11 recycling: processing of waste materials for the original purpose or for other purposes 3.12 output fraction: the mass of materials produced from the input fraction as a result of the recycling process, without undergoing f