1、NEMA Standards PublicationNational Electrical Manufacturers AssociationANSI C18.4M-2015Portable Cells andBatteries - EnvironmentalANSI C18.4M-2015 American National Standard for Portable Cells and BatteriesEnvironmental Secretariat: National Electrical Manufacturers Association Approved: April 23, 2
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18、stitute, Inc. Published by National Electrical Manufacturers Association 1300 North 17th Street, Suite 900, Rosslyn, VA 22209 2015 National Electrical Manufacturers Association All rights, including translation into other languages, reserved under the Universal Copyright Convention, the Berne Conven
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20、ates of America ANSI C18.4M-2015 ii 2015 National Electrical Manufacturers Association Foreword (This foreword is not part of American National Standard C18.4M-2015.) The purpose of this publication is to provide guidance on the proper scientific protocols for testing the environmental performance o
21、f batteries; the symbols used to convey messages for collection, recycling, or other ideas; and the aspects and functional unit(s) to be included in assessing the environmental impact of batteries with modern life-cycle analysis techniques. Suggestions for improvement of this standard are welcome. T
22、hey should be sent to: Secretary, C18 Committee National Electrical Manufacturers Association 1300 North 17th Street, Suite 900 Rosslyn, VA 22209 This standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by the Accredited Standards Committee on Portable Cells and Batteries, C18. Committee appro
23、val of the standard does not necessarily imply that all committee members voted for its approval. At the time it approved this standard, the C18 committee had the following members: Steven Wicelinski, Chairman Marcus Boolish, Vice-chairman Andrei Moldoveanu, NEMA, Secretary Organization Represented:
24、 Name of Representative: BAE Systems Lewis Bachman DNV-GL James C. DeJager Duracell Steven Wicelinski Energizer Marcus K. Boolish Carin Stuart (Alternate) Fisher Price/Mattel Douglas G. Golde Intertek Testing Services, NA Tom OHara Rich Byczek (Alternate) Kids II, Inc. Robert Coughlin Portable Power
25、 Consultants, LLC Ramesh V. Shah Panasonic Battery Corporation of America Charles P. Monahan SGS Jody Leber Spectrum Brands, Inc. John L. Hadley Denis Carpenter (Alternate) UL LLC Laurie Florence IEC TC35 TAG TA S. Keel Kelly ANSI C18.4M-2015 2015 National Electrical Manufacturers Association iii Th
26、e following members of Subcommittee C18-4 for Environmental Aspects for Batteries contributed to development of this standard: Marcus Boolish, Chairman Charles Monahan, Vice-chairman Andrei Moldoveanu, NEMA, Secretary Michael H. Babiak Consultant Marcus K. Boolish Energizer Battery Manufacturing, In
27、c. Denis Carpenter Spectrum Brands, Inc. James C. DeJager DNV-GL Laurie Florence UL LLC Douglas Golde Fisher-Price John Hadley Spectrum Brands, Inc. Jody Leber SGS North America Andrew J. Markow BAE Systems Charles P. Monahan Panasonic Energy Corporation of America Thomas OHara Intertek Testing Serv
28、ices, NA. Troy Renken ZPower, LLC Ramesh V. Shah Portable Power Consultants, LLC Carin Stuart Energizer Battery Manufacturing, Inc. ANSI C18.4M-2015 iv 2015 National Electrical Manufacturers Association Contents Foreword ii Introduction . vi 1 Scope and Purpose . 1 1.1 Scope . 1 1.2 Purpose 1 2 Norm
29、ative References . 1 3 Terms and Definitions . 1 4 General Considerations 2 5 Requirements for the Environment 2 5.1 General . 2 5.2 United States Public Law US 104-142 3 5.3 State Laws 3 Mercury Content Laws . 3 Collection and Recycling Requirements 3 Perchlorate Requirements (California) 3 Califor
30、nia Battery Disposal Ban . 3 6 Test Procedures and Compliance 4 6.1 United States Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)40 CFR Part 261 Subpart C 4 6.1.1 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) 40 CFR 261.24 . 4 6.1.2 Ignitability 40 CFR 261.21 . 4 6.1.3 Reactivity 40 CFR 261.23 . 4
31、 6.1.4 Corrosivity 40 CFR 261.22 4 6.2 Mercury Content . 5 6.3 Lead Content 5 6.4 Cadmium Content 5 7 Information for the Environment 5 7.1 Reduction . 5 7.2 Reuse . 5 7.3 Recycle . 5 7.3.1 Recycling Efficiency . 5 7.4 Disposal 6 7.5 Manufacturing 6 7.6 Transportation, Storage, Disposal, and Recycli
32、ng . 7 8 Life Cycle Assessment . 7 9 Marking 7 9.1 Marking for Collection/Recycling 7 10 Battery Selection 7 Annex A (informative) NON-US REGULATIONS APPLICABLE TO BATTERIES 8 A.1 EU REACH Directive 1907/2006/EC . 8 A.1.1 Phthalates 8 A.2 EU Battery Directive 2006/66/EC . 8 A.2.1 Marking for “Collec
33、tion/Recycling” . 8 ANSI C18.4M-2015 2015 National Electrical Manufacturers Association v Annex B (informative) NON-US REGULATIONS NOT APPLICABLE TO BATTERIES . 9 B.1 RoHS 2 Directive 2011/65/EC . 9 B.2 WEEE Directive 2002/96/EC 9 B.3 EuP Directive 2005/32/EC . 9 B.4 ErP 2009/125/EC . 9 B.5 PVC and
34、Halogens per IEC 61249-2-21 9 B.6 Directive 2005/84/EC Phthalate Directive 9 Annex C (informative) US REGULATIONS NOT APPLICABLE TO BATTERIES 10 C.1 California Proposition 65 10 C.2 Safety Data Sheets SDS 10 C.3 Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act (CPSIA) . 10 Annex D (informative) PACKAGING 11
35、D.1 General . 11 Annex E (informative) COMPLIANCE CHECKLIST 12 Annex F BIBLIOGRAPHY 13 ANSI C18.4M-2015 vi 2015 National Electrical Manufacturers Association Introduction Every product has some effect on the environment during its manufacture, distribution, use, and disposal. These effects can range
36、 from slight to significant; they can be short-term or long-term; and they can occur at the global, regional, or local level. Provisions in battery standards can significantly influence the extent of these environmental effects. Environmental stewardship in the battery industry embraces a multiplici
37、ty of activities, from design, manufacturing, transportation, storage, and recycling, to disposal of the batteries. There are often questions on the applicability of regulations to batteries. This standard provides guidance on regulations applicable and not applicable to batteries, as well as proced
38、ures for measuring environmental characteristics. ANSI C18.4M-2015 2015 National Electrical Manufacturers Association 1 1 Scope and Purpose 1.1 SCOPE This standard applies to all chemistries of portable primary cells and batteries standardized in the ANSI C18 series. 1.2 PURPOSE This American Nation
39、al Standard is intended to: a) Raise awareness that provisions in battery standards can affect the environment in negative and positive ways; b) Outline the relationship between battery standards and the environment; c) Help avoid provisions in battery standards that might lead to adverse environmen
40、tal effects; d) Emphasize that addressing environmental aspects in battery standards is a complex process that requires a balance in competing priorities; e) Recommend the use of recognized scientific methodologies when developing battery standards that incorporate environmental aspects. In order to
41、 achieve this purpose, this standard: f) Sets forth general considerations that should be taken into account when developing battery standards which balance the need to achieve the intended product performance while reducing adverse environmental effects; g) Outlines ways in which provisions in batt
42、ery standards might affect the environment throughout the life cycle of battery products. 2 Normative References The following standards contain provisions that, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this American National Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicat
43、ed were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this American National Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. IEC GUIDE 109: 2012, Environmental aspectsInclusion in electro
44、technical product standards ISO Draft GUIDE 64: 2008, Guide for the inclusion of environmental aspects in product standards ISO 14040: 2006, Environmental managementLife cycle assessmentPrinciples and framework 3 Terms and Definitions For the purposes of this American National Standard, the followin
45、g definitions apply: 3.1 battery, easily removable: a battery that can be removed without permanent damage to the product 3.2 battery, portable: a battery that is easily carried and doesnt exceed 5 kg 3.3 cadmium free: a battery that contains less than 20 parts per million cadmium 3.4 collection rat
46、e: calculated by dividing the total weight of the batteries that are collected during a calendar year by the average annual weight of batteries that were estimated to have been sold during the previous three calendar years 3.5 environmental impact assessment (EIA): a process to determine the magnitu
47、de and significance of environmental impacts within the confines of the goals, scope, and objective defined in the life cycle assessment ANSI C18.4M-2015 2 2015 National Electrical Manufacturers Association 3.6 end of life (EOL): state of a product when it is finally removed from use 3.7 input fract
48、ion: the mass of collected waste batteries entering the recycling process 3.8 life cycle: the consecutive and interlinked stages, and all directly associated significant inputs and outputs, of a system from the extraction or exploitation of natural resources to the final disposal of all materials as
49、 irretrievable wastes or dissipated energy 3.9 mercury free: a battery that contains less than 5 parts per million mercury 3.10 “natural” environment: (hereafter referred to as environment) attributes that affect quality of life, such as water, air, and soil quality; conservation of energy and materials; and avoidance of wastes 3.11 recycling: processing of waste materials for the original purpose or for other purposes 3.12 output fraction: the mass of materials produced from the input fraction as a result of the recycling process, without undergoing f
