ASTM D1356-2005(2010) Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres《大气取样和分析的相关标准术语》.pdf

1、Designation: D1356 05 (Reapproved 2010)Standard Terminology Relating toSampling and Analysis of Atmospheres1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1356; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last

2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology is a collective vocabulary relating tosampling and analysis of atmospheres. As a convenience togeneral in

3、terest, it contains most of the standard terms,definitions, and nomenclature under the jurisdiction of Com-mittee D22.1.2 Many of the entries in this terminology are copied (withattribution) from the standards of origin referenced in Section2. The standards of origin are noted in bold type at the ri

4、ghtmargin of the applicable definition.1.3 Certain terms in the common language that comprisemultiple concepts are included herein with the definitionspecific to standards and practices of Committee D22.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1357 Practice for Planning the Sampling of the Ambien

5、tAtmosphereD3249 Practice for General Ambient Air Analyzer Proce-duresD3614 Guide for Laboratories Engaged in Sampling andAnalysis of Atmospheres and EmissionsD3631 Test Methods for Measuring Surface AtmosphericPressureD3670 Guide for Determination of Precision and Bias ofMethods of Committee D22D36

6、86 Practice for Sampling Atmospheres to Collect Or-ganic Compound Vapors (Activated Charcoal Tube Ad-sorption Method)D3687 Practice for Analysis of Organic Compound VaporsCollected by the Activated Charcoal Tube AdsorptionMethodD4023 Terminology Relating to Humidity Measurement3D4096 Test Method for

7、 Determination of Total SuspendedParticulate Matter in the Atmosphere (HighVolume Sam-pler Method)D4240 Test Method forAirborneAsbestos Concentration inWorkplace Atmosphere3D4298 Guide for Intercomparing Permeation Tubes to Es-tablish TraceabilityD5011 Practices for Calibration of Ozone Monitors Usi

8、ngTransfer StandardsD5015 Test Method for pH of Atmospheric Wet DepositionSamples by Electrometric DeterminationD5096 Test Method for Determining the Performance of aCup Anemometer or Propeller AnemometerD5111 Guide for Choosing Locations and Sampling Meth-ods to Monitor Atmospheric Deposition at No

9、n-UrbanLocationsD5366 Test Method for Determining the Dynamic Perfor-mance of a Wind VaneD5438 Practice for Collection of Floor Dust for ChemicalAnalysisD5466 Test Method for Determination of Volatile OrganicChemicals in Atmospheres (Canister Sampling Methodol-ogy)D5527 Practices for Measuring Surfa

10、ce Wind and Tempera-ture by Acoustic MeansD6196 Practice for Selection of Sorbents, Sampling, andThermal Desorption Analysis Procedures for Volatile Or-ganic Compounds in AirE104 Practice for Maintaining Constant Relative Humidityby Means of Aqueous Solutions3. Terminologyabsolute temperatureSee tem

11、perature.absolute filterSee filter.absorbance, nthe logarithm to the base of 10 of thereciprocal of transmittance.absorbate, nmaterial that has been retained by the processof absorption.absorbent, nmaterial in which absorption occurs.absorption, na process in which one material (the absor-bent) take

12、s up and retains another (the absorbate) with theformation of an homogeneous mixture having the attributesof a solution.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on AirQuality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.01 on Quality Control.Current edition approved

13、April 1, 2010. Published June 2010. Originallyapproved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D1356 - 05. DOI:10.1520/D1356-05R10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards vol

14、ume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.DISCUSSIO

15、NChemical reaction may accompany or follow absorp-tion.acceptance angle (6a, deg), nthe angular distance, cen-tered on the array axis of symmetry, over which thefollowing conditions are met: (a) wind components areunambiguously defined, and (b) flow across the transducersis unobstructed or remains w

16、ithin the angular range forwhich transducer shadow corrections are defined. D5527accrediting authority, na body that evaluates the capabilityof a testing agency or an inspection agency, or both, incertain specific fields of activity. D3614accretion, na phenomenon consisting of the increase in sizeof

17、 particles by the process of external additions.accuracy, nthe degree of conformity of a value generated bya specific procedure to the assumed or accepted true valueand includes both precision and bias. D3670acoustic pathlength (d, (m), nthe physical distance be-tween transducer transmitter-receiver

18、 pairs. D5527activated charcoal, nactivated charcoal refers to properlyconditioned coconut-shell charcoal. D3686adsorbate, nmaterial that has been retained by the processof adsorption.adsorbent, nsolid material on the surface of which adsorp-tion takes place.adsorption, na physical process in which

19、molecules of gas,of dissolved substances, or of liquids, adhere in an extremelythin layer to the surfaces of solid bodies with which they arein contact.aerosol, na dispersion of solid or liquid particles in agaseous medium.agency, nan organization or part of an organization engagedin the activities

20、of testing or inspection, or both. D3614agglomeration, na process of contact and adhesion wherebythe particles of a dispersion form clusters of increasing size.air at normal conditions (standard air), nair at 50 %relative humidity, 25C and 101.3 kPa (77F and 760 mmHg). See also atmosphere.air pollut

21、ion, nthe presence of unwanted material in the air.DISCUSSIONThe term unwanted material here refers to material insufficient concentrations, present for a sufficient time, and undercircumstances to interfere significantly with comfort, health, or welfareof persons, or with the full use and enjoyment

22、 of property.aliquot, na representative portion of the whole that can beexpressed as the inverse of an integer.ambient, adjsurrounding on all sides.analyzer, nthe instrumental equipment necessary to performautomatic analysis of ambient air through the use of physicaland chemical properties and givin

23、g either cyclic or continu-ous output signal. D3249analyzer system, nall sampling, analyzing, and readoutinstrumentation required to perform ambient air qualityanalysis automatically. D3249full scale, nthe maximum measuring limit for a givenrange of an analyzer. D3249lag time, nthe time interval fro

24、m a step change in the inputconcentration at the analyzer inlet to the first correspondingchange in the analyzer signal readout. D3249linearity, nthe maximum deviation between an actualanalyzer reading and the reading predicted by a straight linedrawn between upper and lower calibration points.DISCU

25、SSIONThis deviation is expressed as a percentage of full scale.D3249minimum detection limit, nthe smallest input concentra-tion that can be determined as the concentration approacheszero. D3249noise, nrandom deviations from a mean output not causedby sample concentration changes. D3249open path anal

26、yzer, nan analytical system that measuresthe average atmospheric or emission compound concentra-tion along one or more monitoring paths open to theatmosphere. See monitoring path.operating humidity range of analyzer, nthe range ofambient relative humidity of air surrounding the analyzer,over which t

27、he analyzer will meet all performance specifi-cations. D3249operating temperature range of analyzer, nthe range ofambient temperatures of air surrounding the analyzer, overwhich the monitor will meet all performance specifications.D3249operational period, nthe period of time over which theanalyzer c

28、an be expected to operate unattended withinspecifications. D3249output, na signal that is related to the measurement, andintended for connection to a readout or data acquisitiondevice.DISCUSSIONUsually this is an electrical signal expressed as milli-volts or milliamperes full scale at a given impeda

29、nce. D3249range, nthe concentration region between the minimumand maximum measurable limits. D3249readout instrumentation, noutput meters, recorder, or dataacquisition system for monitoring analytical results. D3249response time, nthe time interval from a step change in theinput concentration at the

30、 analyzer inlet to an output readingof 90 % of the ultimate reading. D3249rise time, nresponse time minus lag time. D3249sample system, nequipment necessary to provide theanalyzer with a continuous representative sample. D3249span drift, nthe change in analyzer output over a statedtime period, usual

31、ly 24 h of unadjusted continuous opera-tion, when the input concentration is at a constant, statedupscale value.DISCUSSIONSpan drift is usually expressed as a percentage changeof full scale over a 24-h operational period. D3249zero drift, nthe change in analyzer output over a statedtime period of un

32、adjusted continuous operation when theinput concentration is zero; usually expressed as a percent-age change of full scale over a 24-h operational period.D3249See also point analyzer.analyzer systemSee analyzer.arrester, na term for an air cleaning device.D1356 05 (2010)2aspirated psychrometerSee ps

33、ychrometer.aspirator, nany apparatus such as a squeeze bulb, fan,pump, or venturi that produces a movement of a fluid bysuction.atmosphere, nthe gaseous envelope which surrounds theearth and includes ambient air, indoor air, and workplace air.See also air at normal conditions.synthetic atmosphere, n

34、a specific gaseous mass containingany number of constituents and in any proportion producedfor a special purpose.backdrafting, nthe reversal of the normal (upward) direc-tion of air flow in a vent for a vented combustion appliance(boiler, fireplace, furnace, or water heater), when the ventedapplianc

35、e is operating.bias, na systematic (nonrandom) deviation of the methodaverage value or the measured value from an accepted value.D3670laboratory bias, nsystematic differences between the truevalue and a value reported by a laboratory due to errors ofapplication such as losses, contamination, miscali

36、bration,and faulty manipulations, for example. D3670method bias, nsystematic departures of the limiting meanfrom the true value of the parameter measured caused byphysical or chemical phenomena inherent in the methodol-ogy. D3670breathing zone, nthat location in the atmosphere at whichpersons breath

37、e.bubbler, na sampling device consisting of a gas disperserimmersed in an absorbing liquid.fritted bubbler, na bubbler having a frit as the gasdisperser.candidate method, nan analytical method or measurementprocess being considered for standardization.DISCUSSIONA method is a candidate until completi

38、on of all phasesof the consensus process specified byASTM regulations for a proposal,an emergency standard, or a standard. D3670cascade impactorSee impactor.carpet-embedded dustSee dust.chemisorption, nadsorption, especially when irreversible,by means of chemical forces in contrast with physical for

39、ces.chimney effect, na phenomenon consisting of a verticalmovement of a localized mass of air or other gases due totemperature differences.cloud, nany collection of particulate matter in the atmo-sphere dense enough to be perceptible to the eye, especiallya collection of water drops.cloud water, nan

40、 aggregate of condensed water vapor orice crystals that are suspended in the atmosphere.DISCUSSIONCloud water droplet sizes are typically less than thoseof precipitation, measuring between 1 and 100 m in diameter.D5111cloud waterSee cloud.coalescence, na process by which the particles of a disper-si

41、on combine into one body.collaborative test, nan interlaboratory study of a testmethod wherein the participants analyze or make measure-ments on subsamples of the same test material.DISCUSSIONIf the test method includes the sampling of atmo-spheres, the participants should sample the same test atmos

42、phere, aspossible. D3670collection effciencySee efficiency.collector, na device for removing and retaining contami-nants from air or other gases.DISCUSSIONUsually this term is applied to cleaning devices inexhaust systems.colorimeter, nan instrument used for color measurementbased on optical compari

43、son with standard bustion system downdrafting, nthe reversal of theordinary (upward) direction of air flow in a combustionsystem when vented combustion appliances are not operat-ing.DISCUSSIONThe term “cold backdrafting” is used synonymouslywith combustion system bustion system spillage, nentry of c

44、ombustion productsinto a building, caused by backdrafting, vent blockage, or aleaky heat exchanger.concentration, nthe quantity of a substance contained in atotal unit quantity of sample.mass concentration, nconcentration expressed in terms ofmass of substance per unit volume of gas or liquid.ppb(v)

45、, na unit of measure of the concentration of gases inair expressed as parts of the gas per billion (109) parts of theair-gas mixture, both by volume.ppm(v), na unit of measure of the concentration of gasesin air expressed as parts of the gas per million parts of theair-gas mixture, both by volume.va

46、por concentration, nconcentration expressed in terms ofgaseous volume of substance per unit volume of air or othergas usually expressed in percent or parts per million byvolume. See also absolute humidity.volume concentration, nconcentration expressed in termsof gaseous volume of substance per unit

47、volume of air orother gas usually expressed in percent or parts per million.condensate, nliquid or solid matter formed by condensationfrom the vapor phase.DISCUSSIONIn sampling, the term is applied to the components ofan atmosphere which have been isolated by simple cooling.condensation, nthe proces

48、s of converting a material in thegaseous phase to a liquid or solid state by decreasingtemperature or by increasing pressure, or both.DISCUSSIONUsually in air sampling only cooling is used.condensation samplingSee sampling.condensoid, nthe particles of a dispersion formed by con-densation.constant f

49、low high-volume samplerSee sampler.contaminant, na material added by human or naturalactivities which may, in sufficient concentrations, render theatmosphere unacceptable.DISCUSSIONContaminants refer to gases, vapors, mists, aerosols,fumes, particles, or dusts, and so forth, that are airborne. The term doesnot apply to elements that make up the components of the earthsatmosphere, such as nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and so forth. D1357D1356 05 (2010)3continuous