1、Designation: D 4214 07Standard Test Methods forEvaluating the Degree of Chalking of Exterior Paint Films1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4214; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r
2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of
3、 the degree ofchalking on white or tinted exterior paint films. These testmethods describe the procedures recommended for transferringthe chalk to a fabric or fingertip, which is then compared tophotographic reference standards, or in the case of adhesivetapes, compared to a reflectance table or pho
4、tographic refer-ence standards, to determine the degree of chalking.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. I
5、t is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 662 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Erosion ofExterior PaintsE 1347 Test
6、 Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-surement by Tristimulus Colorimetry2.2 Other Document:Pictorial Standards of Coating Defects33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 chalking, nthe formation on a pigmented coating ofa friable powder evolved from the film itself at or just beneaththe surface.4.
7、 Significance and Use4.1 The procedures provide a broad range of techniques andphotographic references to evaluate chalking of exterior paints.5. Type of Chalking5.1 Only one type of chalking is recognized, as defined inSection 3.6. Use of Photographic Reference Standards6.1 The photographic referen
8、ce standards that are part ofthese test methods are representative of the degrees of chalkingon a paint film. The photographs shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 arefor illustration purposes only and should not be used forevaluation.6.2 The use of photographic reference standards illustratedin Fig. 1 and Fig
9、. 2 requires the following precautions:6.2.1 The degree of chalking will vary over any given area.Therefore, an average portion of the coating should be evalu-ated. On large surfaces, it is recommended that the rating bemade at several locations and the mean and range reported.6.2.2 It is difficult
10、to make readings on a windy day andmaking readings at such time should be avoided. It should alsobe noted that rain, snow, or moisture in any form will removechalk so that readings should be made after a period of clearweather and when the surface is dry.6.2.3 Chalking and erosion (Note 1) are close
11、ly related.However, the rate of chalking as measured by these testmethods, and the rate of erosion may not be comparablebecause some pigment combinations tend to retain chalk on thesurface while other pigment combinations exert a self-cleaningaction by natural means.NOTE 1For the evaluation of erosi
12、on, see Test Method D 662.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 onPaint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the directresponsibility of Subcommittee D01.25 on Evaluation of Weathering Effects.Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published July 2
13、007. Originally approvedin 1982. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D 4214 98 which waswithdrawn March 2007 and reinstated in July 2007.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards vo
14、lume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Copies of the pictorial photographic reference standards applicable to TestMethod A are contained in the publication Pictorial Standards of Coatings Defectsand may be obtained from the Federation of Societies for Coat
15、ings Technology, 492Norristown Rd., Blue Bell, PA 19422.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.3 Records may be kept on forms4such as shown in Fig. 3.Reporting of the results shall include the information given inSection 8
16、.6.4 When these test methods is referenced in specificationsfor performance, the permissible degree of chalking is estab-lished between the producer and the user.7. Recommended Procedures7.1 Test Method ACloth Tape Method:7.1.1 MaterialFabric, as agreed upon between the pro-ducer, user, or other int
17、erested parties, to rub against thesurface being tested. Black (or white for dark coatings) woolfelt, velvet, and velveteen have proven particularly effective.7.1.2 ProcedureWrap the fabric around the index finger-tip, then make a 50 to 75-mm (2 to 3-in.) stroke with mediumpressure on the coating un
18、der observation. Remove the fabricand compare the spot of chalk on it with PhotographicReference Standard No. 1.NOTE 2Medium pressure can be quantified by placing the finger on abalance or scale, and pressing downward until 3 to 5-lb pressure isobtained.7.2 Test Method BWet Finger Method:7.2.1 Proce
19、dureMoisten a fingertip and with mediumpressure make one continuous rub 50 to 65 mm (2 to 212 in.)in length on the surface under test. The chalk from this testmethod should be rated as None, Visible, or Severe; however,some may prefer to use an even numbered scale of 10 to zero.7.3 Test Method CTran
20、sparent Tape Method:57.3.1 Materials:7.3.1.1 Cellulose Adhesive Tape, 13-mm (12-in.) wide,pressure-sensitive.7.3.1.2 Eraser,34 in. (20 mm), wrapped with cellophanetape.7.3.1.3 Masking Tape, 13-mm (12-in.) wide.7.3.1.4 Plastic Sheet Protector, clear.7.3.1.5 Photographic Reference Standard No. 2, TNO.
21、67.3.1.6 Reflectance Standard, polished black glass.7.3.1.7 Reflectance Standard, white tile.NOTE 3The black reference standard is necessary as the background4These record sheets may be obtained from the Federation of Societies forCoatings Technology, 492 Norristown Rd., Blue Bell, PA 19422.5Permiss
22、ion to include this test method is provided as a courtesy of NLChemicals, Wyckoff Mills Rd., Hightstown, NJ 08520.6The TNO Method and photographic reference standard are provided as acourtesy of Verfinstituut TNO Paint Research Institute TNO, Schoemakerstraat 97,Delft, Nederland. The original source
23、 of the photographic reference standardillustrated in Fig. 2 is the Paint Research Institute, TNO. The ASTM numericalrating of chalking shown on the photographic reference standard is opposite to theoriginal TNO scale.FIG. 1 Photographic Reference Standard No. 1Test Method D 659FIG. 2 Photographic R
24、eference Standard No. 2VerfinstituutTNOD4214072for this measurement, since the reflectance of black paper is too high.Reflectometers (tristimulus colorimeters), with 0 to 45 geometry, use theY value.7.3.2 Optional Materials:7.3.2.1 China Marker, black.7.3.2.2 Razor Blade.7.3.3 Preparation:7.3.3.1 Se
25、parately mount and apply two 279-mm (11-in.)pieces of masking tape along the right side of the clear plasticsheet cover leaving 32 mm (114 in.) of space between thepieces (see Fig. 4).7.3.3.2 Remove a 50-mm (2-in.) long piece of 13-mm(12-in.) cellulose, pressure-sensitive adhesive tape from theroll;
26、 place it across the masking strips, and adhere it to thesheet using a 20-mm (34-in.) eraser, wrapped with cellophanetape. Label this tape “blank” on the clear plastic sheet cover. Ablack china marker has been found useful for this purpose.NOTE 4The average reflectance measurements of the initial an
27、dending “blank” tapes less the correction value for the clear plastic sheetdivided by 100 are used to verify a rating of 10 using Table 1.77.3.4 Procedure:7.3.4.1 Apply a 50-mm (2-in.) long piece of 13-mm (12-in.)wide tape to the surface being rated. Rub ten times withmoderate pressure using the cov
28、ered eraser, to remove allbubbles and prevent scratching. Remove the tape from thesurface and adhere it to the sheet by rubbing with the eraser.Label specimens using a black china marker. Place successivetapes vertically adjacent to previous tapes, separated by 3 mm(18 in.). Follow the instructions
29、given in 7.3, and place the final“blank” tape across the masking tape strips and label “blank”on the clear sheet. When completed, use a razor blade to cut7Kronos-Titan Table for Chalk Rating from Reflectance Reading using theTransparent Tape Method is provided as a courtesy of Kronos-Titan GMbH,Leve
30、rkusen, West Germany. The original source of Table 1 is Kronos-Titan GMbH.NOTE 1Label sample numbers, apply initial blank tape, and proceedwith tape specimens of the samples.FIG. 3 Example of WorksheetNOTE 1The cutout section is for illustration purposes only. Thelabeling (china marker) may be remov
31、ed by rubbing the sheet with a cleantissue or cloth.FIG. 4 Completed WorksheetD4214073along the inside edges of the masking tape, cutting through theadhesive tapes. The removal of the masking tape will leaveonly the tapes to be measured and evaluated with the samplenumber of each tape listed on the
32、sheet (see worksheet examplein Fig. 4). Before proceeding, check to ensure all samplenumbers have been recorded on the sheet.7.3.4.2 Insert the 13-mm (12-in.) or smaller aperture andcalibrate the reflectometer according to the manufacturersinstructions, setting the reflectometer for zero reflectance
33、 usingthe black reflectance standard and standardizing with the whitereflectance standard and record the values. Refer to TestMethod E 1347 should there be any question on the correctprocedure to follow in the calibration of the instrument.7.3.5 Reflectometer Measurements:7.3.5.1 Leave the transpare
34、nt tapes mounted on the clearplastic sheet. Remove the black paper that may have beeninserted behind the sheet and fold back the unused portion ofthe sheet. Measure the reflectance of the clear plastic sheetusing the black reflectance standard of the instrument (Note 3)as a backing or background and
35、 record its value. Move thesheet until the first tape is exposed to the light source with theadhesive side toward the light and the black reflectancestandard behind the area being measured, and record the value.7.3.5.2 Continue this procedure until ten tapes have beenmeasured, then check reflectance
36、 values for the white andblack standards. If no changes have occurred, proceed withmeasurements. If values have changed, restandardize andrecord values before proceeding to the remaining tapes. Fol-lowing the final tape measurement, record reflectance values ofthe clear plastic sheet cover, and the
37、white and black reflec-tance standards.7.3.5.3 Subtract the mean reflectance value of the sheetfrom each reading, enter on worksheet form (Fig. 4), or otherform used, and determine from Table 1 the chalk rating valueof each tape to the nearest 0.5 unit. Record the rating on theworksheet or other for
38、m. The worksheet form (Fig. 4), insertedinto the plastic sheet protector with a black background givesa clear permanent record of these measurements and evalua-tions.7.3.5.4 These tape chalks may also be compared to Photo-graphic Reference Standard No. 2 as an alternative procedure.7.4 Test Method D
39、TNO Type Method:7.4.1 Materials:7.4.1.1 Photographic Reference Standard No. 2 for thedetermination of chalking, consisting of a photograph of fivestrips of tape mounted on a black background, numbered 0, 2,4, 6, and 8, and varying in this order from black to almostwhite.7.4.1.2 Polyethylene Tape, tr
40、ansparent, 13 to 25 mm (12 to 1in.) wide.7.4.1.3 Black Velvet, dull black with a short pile and withouta tendency to crush, size approximately 200 by 300 mm (8 by12 in.), mounted on a flat substrate. Black construction papermay also be used. Place adjacent to the standard for the ratings.7.4.2 Proce
41、dureApply a piece of tape, 63 to 100 mm (212to 4 in.) long to the coating by uniform gentle pressure of thefinger, remove the tape, and lay it with the adhesive side on thepiece of velvet. Under diffused light compare the tape on theblack velvet with Photographic Reference Standard No. 2, anddetermi
42、ne which of the five grades most closely matches thewhiteness of the adhering pigment. If the degree of chalking isobviously between two adjacent grades, select the intermediateodd number as the chalk rating.7.4.3 Chalk ratings may also be determined by followingthe procedures of 7.3.3 and comparing
43、 to the values shown inFig. 1. The use of the worksheet form shown in Fig. 3 and Fig.4 may be used as a permanent record.8. Report8.1 A record of the test method used, the rating, panelnumber, and other pertinent information must be clearly shownon the inspection report for each evaluation.8.2 The p
44、ertinent information should include: date of in-spection, date of exposure start, purchase order number oftesting organization, duration, remarks about unusual weather,etc., the name of the person making the inspection, and otherinformation agreed upon between the producer and the seller.9. Keywords
45、9.1 chalking; evaluation; exterior paint filmsTABLE 1 Chalk Rating from Reflectance ReadingAReflectance Range Chalk Rating00.038 100.03810.044 9.50.04410.054 9.00.05410.062 8.50.06210.072 8.00.07210.082 7.50.08210.095 7.00.09510.105 6.50.10510.120 6.00.12010.131 5.50.13110.150 5.00.15010.165 4.50.16
46、510.190 4.00.19010.210 3.50.21010.235 3.00.23510.260 2.50.26010.286 2.00.28610.310 1.50.31010.340 1.00.34010.366 0.50.366 0AThis table is based upon a correlation between tape reflectance measure-ments and visual evaluations of the same tape compared to the photographicstandards prepared by Kronos-T
47、itan.7D4214074ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of su
48、ch rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for addi
49、tional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copi
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