1、Designation: D4531 86 (Reapproved 2008)D4531 15Standard Test Methods forBulk and Dry Density of Peat and Peat Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4531; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the bulk and dry density of both peat in its natural state
3、 and peat products(Note 1). These test methods consist of defining a volume of peat and determining the mass of that specific volume. The differencein the respective methods is in the procedures employed to determine the peat volume.NOTE 1Test Method D2978 is used for specifying the volume represent
4、ed by a quantity of loose processed peat or the volume of a peat bale.1.2 Method AThis method, the core method,The core method covers the determination of the bulk density of an undisturbeda core of peat taken with a piston sampler or other suitable core sampler (Sections 6 and 7).1.3 Method BThis m
5、ethod, the The paraffin wax method, covers the determination of the bulk density of undisturbed clodsor irregular pieces of wet peat and compressed peat products (Sections 8 and 9).1.4 UnitsThe values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in th
6、isstandard.1.5 The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capableof competent and objective test
7、ing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with PracticeD3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a evaluatingsome of those factors.1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to
8、the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in PracticeD6026.1.6.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industrystandard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally sho
9、uld be retained. The procedures used do notconsider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the users objectives;and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerat
10、ions.It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish app
11、ropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D2974D653 Test Methods for Moisture,Ash, and Organic Matter of Peat and Other Organic SoilsTerminology Relating to Soil,Rock, and Contained FluidsD297
12、8 Test Methods for Volume of Processed Peat MaterialsD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used inEngineering Design and ConstructionD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data1 These test methods are under
13、the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.22 on Soil as a Mediumfor Plant Growth.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2008July 15, 2015. Published February 2008July 2015. Originally approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 200
14、22008 asD4531 86 (2002).(2008). DOI: 10.1520/D4531-86R08.10.1520/D4531-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the
15、ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users cons
16、ult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken,
17、 PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 For definitions of common technical terms used in this standard, refer to Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions:Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 bulk density, as used for peat products is the total mass (solids plus water) per unit of to
18、tal volume of a peat at a givenmoisture condition.3.2.2 dry density, dmass of dry organic and mineral matter per unit of total volume of a peat at a given moisture condition.NOTE 2In many peat science applications and publications, the term defined here as “dry density” in accordance with common geo
19、technicalengineering usage is referred to as “bulk density”. Care is necessary to distinguish which definition is being used when such a term is encountered.4. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods provide uniform procedures for determining the bulk density of in situ peat and processed peat pr
20、oducts.The bulk density is of use in the calculation of in situ stresses for engineering analysis and in quantifying the amount of materialpresent when considering peat as a resource. In the latter case, it is necessary to consider the moisture condition for which the bulkdensity was determined; a m
21、ore useful parameter to consider may well be the dry density, d.NOTE 3The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of theequipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are gene
22、rally considered capable of competent and objectivetesting/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliableresults depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a evaluating some of those factors.
23、5. Apparatus5.1 Drying OvenA thermostatically controlled drying oven maintained at a temperature of 105 6 5C.5.2 BalancesBalances sensitive to 0.01 g for samplesspecimen less than 100 g, sensitive to 0.1 g for samplesspecimenbetween 100 g and 1000 g, or sensitive to 1 g for samplesspecimen over 1000
24、 g.5.3 Moisture Content ContainersSuitable containers for laboratory moisture content determinations.5.4 Plastic Sample Bags or Sampling Jars.5.5 SamplerPiston sampler or other suitable coring device which will give a reasonably undisturbed cylindrical sample.NOTE 4Samples taken with the Macaulay ty
25、pe peat sampler are semicylindrical in shape and relatively undisturbed. shape. They may also be usedin this method of determination.5.6 Sharp KnifeAn electric knife or barbers razor will be best for laboratory work.5.7 Paraffn Wax, maintained at a temperature between 60 and 70C, for use in Method B
26、 only.5.8 Graduated Cylinder, for use in Method B only.METHOD ACORE METHOD6. Procedure6.1 Take a representative reasonably undisturbed core of peat with a piston sampler or other coring device.sampler.6.2 With a sharp knife, cut specimens of no less than at least 50 mm in length from the various lay
27、ers included in the core.Measure and record the specimen length to the nearest millimetre.6.3 For samplesspecimen extruded in the field, place the specimen into a plastic sampling bag or sampling jar and seal to preventmoisture loss.6.4 Transfer the whole specimen and any free water to a moisture co
28、ntent container in the laboratory and obtain and record themoist mass of peat, M, to the sensitivity of the balance used.6.5 Dry the specimen in an a drying oven at 105C105 6 5C until a constant mass is reached. Record the mass of dry peat,Ms.7. Calculation7.1 The bulk density, , is calculated as fo
29、llows:5M/AL! g/cm3 (1)where:M = mass of the wet peat sample, g,L = length of sample, cm, andA = cross-sectional area of sample, as determined from the diameter and form of the sampling device, cm2.D4531 152M = mass of the wet peat specimen, g,L = length of specimen, cm, andA = cross-sectional area o
30、f specimen, as determined from the diameter and form of the sampling device, cm2.7.2 The moisture content, wd, by dry mass of the specimen is calculated as follows for engineering purposes: follows:wd 5M 2Ms/Ms (2)where:Ms = mass of the oven dried peat specimen, g.7.2.1 The moisture content, wt, may
31、 also be expressed in terms of total mass, and is then calculated as follows:wt5M 2Ms/M (3)7.2.2 It is of the utmost importance that the approach taken in calculating moisture contents be specified when reporting resultsor when the term is first used in a report.7.3 The dry density, d, is calculated
32、 as follows:d 5Ms/AL! g/cm3 (4)METHOD BPARAFFIN WAX METHOD8. Procedure8.1 Take a representative reasonably undisturbed sample specimen of the peat and trim it into as smooth a shape as possible.Weigh and record the moist mass of the peat sample, M.8.2 Dip the sample momentarily into melted paraffin
33、maintained at a temperature between 60 and 70C. Allow the excessparaffin to drain and the coating to dry. Repeat the dipping and drying until a continuous coating is formed.8.3 Obtain and record the mass of the paraffin coated peat sample,specimen, Mpc.8.4 Submerge the coated samplespecimen in water
34、 in a graduated cylinder and determine the volume of the paraffin coatedsample,specimen, Vpc by observing the volume of water displaced.8.5 Remove the paraffin coating from the peat samplespecimen using a sharp knife.8.6 Place the remainder of the samplespecimen in a moisture content container and r
35、ecord the moist mass of the peat, M to theaccuracy specified for the balance used.8.7 Dry the samplespecimen in an a drying oven at 105C105 6 5C until a constant mass is reached. Record the mass of drypeat, Ms.9. Calculation9.1 To determine the bulk density of the peat, , a correction for the volume
36、 of the paraffin coating must be made as follows:Mass of paraffin coating5Mp5Mpc2M! (5)Volume of paraffin coating5Vp5Mp/p!where:Mpc = mass of paraffin coated sample, gMpc = mass of paraffin coated specimen, gp = density of paraffin, g/cm3, andM = mass of peat sample, g.M = mass of peat specimen, g.V
37、olume of peat sample5V 5Vpc2Vp! (6)Bulk density, 5M/V!where:Vpc = volume of paraffin coated sample, cm3.Vpc = volume of paraffin coated specimen, cm3.9.2 The moisture content, wd, in this test method must be obtained in terms of dry mass to allow the dry density, d, to becalculated.wd 5M2Ms/Ms (7)D4
38、531 153where:M = moist mass of peat removed from paraffin, g, andMs = mass of dry peat, g.9.3 The dry density, d, of the peat is calculated as follows:d 5/11wd! (8)where:wd = moisture content in terms of oven dry mass.10. Report10.1 The report shall include the following:For each test record the fol
39、lowing as a minimum:10.1.1 Identify the sample and the personnel collecting the sample. Report the bulk density, , to the nearest 0.01 g/cm3 andalso state the method used to determine.10.1.2 Report the bulk density, , and the dry density, d to the nearest 0.01 g/cm3 and also state the method used to
40、 determine.10.1.3 Moisture Report the moisture content, w, to the nearest 0.1 %. It is of the utmost importance that it be stated whetherthe moisture content is in terms of the dry mass or the total mass of the peat.11. Precision and Bias11.1 PrecisionThe subcommittee is seeking pertinent data from
41、users of the test method to determine the precision of this testmethod.11.2 BiasSince there is no accepted reference material suitable for determining the bias for the procedure, bias has not beendetermined.12. Keywords12.1 bulk density; core sampling; dry density; paraffin-wax displacement method;
42、peat; peat productsSUMMARY OF CHANGESIn accordance with Committee D18 policy, this section identifies the location of changes to this standard sincethe last edition (1986 (Reapproved 2008) that may impact the use of this standard.(1) Added references and standard statements to D653, D6026, and D3740
43、.(2) Changed title to include dry density.(3) Revised Section 4.(4) Replaced sample with specimen.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determ
44、ination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or w
45、ithdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that y
46、our comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (si
47、ngle or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 154
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