1、Designation: D 6636 01 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Test Method forDetermination of Ply Adhesion Strength of ReinforcedGeomembranes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6636; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revi
2、sion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the adhe-sion strength (180 peel) between plies of reinf
3、orced geomem-branes such as internally reinforced geomembranes and coatedfabrics.1.2 This test method is not intended for determining thestrength of geomembrane seams or for determining the plyadhesion strength of geocomposite components (such as non-woven geotextile bonded to geomembrane, or geotex
4、tilebonded to drainage core).1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of t
5、his standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for TextilesD 4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics for TestingD
6、4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD 4491 Test Methods for Water Permeability of Geotextilesby Permittivity3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 atmosphere for testing geosynthetics, nair main-tained at a relative humidity between 50 to 70 % and atemperature of 21 6 2C (70 6 4F).3.1.2 geocomposite, na
7、multi-component product at leastone of which is a geosynthetic.3.1.3 geomembrane, nan essentially impermeable geo-synthetic composed of one or more synthetic sheets.3.1.3.1 DiscussionIn geotechnical engineering, essen-tially impermeable means that no measurable liquid flowsthrough a geosynthetic whe
8、n tested in accordance with TestMethods D 4491.3.1.4 ply adhesion, nbond between layers of a laminatedmaterial.3.1.5 ply adhesion strength, nforce per unit width re-quired to cause separation in peel between layers of a lami-nated material.3.1.6 reinforced geomembrane, na geomembrane inter-nally rei
9、nforced with a textile.3.1.7 selvage, nan edge or edging which differs from themain part of a geosynthetic.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The plies of the reinforced geomembrane are firstpartially peeled apart by hand for a distance of 25 to 50 mm (1to 2 in.) to allow clamping of the specimen in the g
10、rips of thetensile machine. The plies are then separated at an angle of180 at a constant rate of extension and the cross-headmovement and force are recorded.5. Significance and Use5.1 This method is an index test and measures the forcerequired to separate individual plies of a reinforced geomem-bran
11、e. The acceptable value of adhesion will vary for differenttypes of products. However for a particular type of product,minimum values of ply adhesion can be determined and agreedto by producer and consumer, and both can monitor to assurecompliance with the agreed-upon value.5.2 DisputesIn case of a
12、dispute arising from differencesin reported test results when using this test method foracceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser andthe supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine ifthere is a statistical difference between their laboratories.Competent statistical assista
13、nce is recommended for the inves-tigation of this difference. As a minimum, the two partiesshould take a group of test specimens which are from the same1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomem-
14、branes.Current edition approved June 1, 2006. Published June 2006. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 6636 01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandard
15、s volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.lot of material as those type in question and which are ashomogeneous as possible. The test specime
16、ns should then berandomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory fortesting. The average results from the two laboratories should becompared using Students t-test for unpaired data and anacceptable probability level chosen by the two parties beforethe testing began. If a difference is found, e
17、ither its cause mustbe found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier mustagree to interpret future test results in the light of the knowndifference.6. Apparatus6.1 Tensile Testing MachineA constant rate of extension(CRE) testing machine complying with Specification D76shall be used. The loa
18、d cell shall be accurate to within 61%ofthe applied force. The testing machine shall be capable ofmaintaining a constant rate of extension of 50 mm/min (2in./min) over the entire duration of the test.6.2 The testing machine shall be equipped with either a stripchart recorder or similar auxiliary equ
19、ipment capable ofproducing a hardcopy of the force versus displacement graph.Computerized data acquisition systems are acceptable.6.3 The force applied during the test shall be greater than15 % and less than 85 % of the load range selected.6.4 GripsThe grip faces shall be a minimum of 25 mm(1 in.) w
20、ide and clamp the entire width of the specimen withappropriate clamping force to prevent specimen slippage ordamage (crushing). Grips shall be designed to transmit theapplied force evenly over the entire width of the specimens.NOTE 1Constant pressure pneumatic and wedge type grips haveperformed sati
21、sfactorily for many types of products.7. Sampling7.1 Lot SampleFor the lot sample, take rolls of geomem-brane per the applicable project specification, or as agreedupon between purchaser and supplier. Unless otherwise speci-fied, refer to Practice D 4354, “Sampling of Geosynthetics forTesting.”7.2 L
22、aboratory SampleFor the laboratory sample, take afull-width swatch approximately1m(3ft)long by roll widthfor each roll in the lot sample. Take a sample that will excludematerial from the outer wrap of the roll or the inner wraparound the core. In the case where the sample is taken at theproduction s
23、ite, material from the inner and outer wrap may beused.7.3 Test SpecimenThe standard test specimens shall be 256 0.5 mm (1.00 6 0.02 in.) wide and at least 200 mm (8 in.)long to permit ply separation over a length of at least 100 mm(4 in.). The test specimens shall be cut parallel to the scrim. Note
24、st specimen shall be taken closer than 100 mm (4 in.) fromthe selvage.7.4 Number of Test SpecimensPrepare five test specimens,in the longitudinal (machine) direction only.8. Preparation of Test Specimens8.1 Standard Method - Separation SheetDuring manufac-ture, specimens can be easily obtained by de
25、liberately placingseparation sheets between the plies.8.2 Alternate MethodSeparate the plies of the reinforcedgeomembrane by hand for a distance of 25 to 50 mm (1 to2 in.) to allow clamping of the specimen in the grips of thetensile machine. A sharp knife or scalpel may prove useful toinitiate ply s
26、eparation.9. Conditioning9.1 Prior to testing, condition the specimens for a minimumof 24 h at the standard atmosphere for testing geosynthetics.10. Procedure10.1 Fix the separated ends of the test specimen in the gripsof the testing machine and adjust so that the tension isdistributed uniformly, th
27、at no twisting of the test specimenoccurs during the test, and that the angle of separation isapproximately 180. The portion of the test specimen not fixedin the grips is left unrestrained.10.2 Speed of TestingThe speed of testing is 50 mm/min(2 in./min). The speed of testing is to be uniform throug
28、houtthe test.10.3 Test AtmosphereThe test atmosphere shall be thestandard atmosphere for testing geosynthetics, 21 6 2C (70 64F) and 50 to 70 % relative humidity.10.4 Begin the test. Measure and record the force necessaryfor ply separation over a length of at least 100 mm (4 in.).10.5 TearingIf duri
29、ng the test, either ply begins to tearinstead of separating at the bonded interface, cut the ply beingtorn with a knife up to the surface of contact between the twoplies and start the test again. In case of repeated tearing, eitherreject the specimen and prepare additional specimens, oraccept the te
30、st and record the highest load at which tearingoccurs (see section 11.1).11. Interpretation of Results11.1 The true ply adhesion strength is not determined if thespecimens repeatedly tear. However, tearing indicates that theply adhesion strength exceeds the tear strength of the indi-vidual plies. In
31、 cases of tearing, the results should be sodesignated in the report per section 13.1.7.11.2 The ply adhesion strength may differ between differentplies of the same article and also at different points along thesame ply. Therefore, the ply adhesion strength should bemeasured over a reasonable separat
32、ion distance. When pos-sible, the separation distance shall be at least 100 mm (4 in.).12. Calculations12.1 Ply Adhesion StrengthCalculate the ply adhesionstrength for each of the individual specimens; that is, calculatethe force per unit width required to cause the plies to separate:SPA5 F/W (1)whe
33、re:SPA= Ply Adhesion Strength, N/m (lbf/in.),F = Force, N (lbf), andW = Width, m (in.).12.2 The force required to cause ply separation for anindividual specimen is maximum load recorded during the test.For specimens that repeatedly tear, the true value may behigher than the recorded maximum load.D 6
34、636 01 (2006)212.3 The final reported value shall be the average of theresults from the five test specimens.13. Report13.1 The report shall include the following:13.1.1 A statement that the specimens were tested in accor-dance with this standard, listing any variations.13.1.2 Date of test.13.1.3 Tes
35、t temperature and relative humidity.13.1.4 Identification of the material tested, including date ofmanufacture (if known).13.1.5 Method of test specimen preparation per Section 8.13.1.6 Test equipment, including size and type of grip faces.13.1.7 A report of the individual specimen results which are
36、the maximum loads recorded during each test, reported as forceper unit width. For specimens that tear, the highest forcerecorded during that test should be reported. Identify primaryfailure mode for each specimen as either “ply separation” or“tear.”13.1.8 A report of the average results for the five
37、 (5)specimens tested in units of N/m (lbf/in.).13.1.9 Observations and recorded data on which the resultsare based.14. Precision and Bias14.1 PrecisionThe precision of this test method is beingestablished.14.2 BiasThe true value of ply adhesion of reinforcedgeomembranes can be defined only in terms
38、of a test method.Since there is no referee test method, the procedures within thistest method have no bias.15. Keywords15.1 geomembrane; ply adhesion; reinforcedASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this sta
39、ndard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be revi
40、ewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsib
41、le technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 6636 01 (2006)3
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