1、Designation: E959 83 (Reapproved 2010)Standard Test Method forCharacterizing the Performance of Refuse Size-ReductionEquipment1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E959; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision
2、, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers measuring the performance ofsolid waste size reduction equipment.1.2 This test m
3、ethod can be used to measure the flow (thatis, throughput) of solid waste through the size-reductionequipment, energy usage of the size-reduction device, andparticle size of the shredded product.1.3 This test method includes instructions for measuringenergy usage, solid waste throughput, net process
4、ing time, andparticle size distribution.1.4 This test method applies only to size reduction equip-ment that produces a shredded product with a size correspond-ing to 90 % cumulative passing in the range of 0.5 to 15 cm(0.26 in.) on an air-dry weight basis. For material withnominal sizes outside of t
5、his range, the precision and biasstatements for particle size designation (Section 14) may notapply.1.5 This test method can be applied to size reductionequipment located anywhere within a processing line.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement
6、are included in thisstandard.1.6.1 ExceptionThe values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and heal
7、th practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 7 forspecific hazard information.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E828 Test Method for Designating the Size of RDF-3 Fromits Sieve Analysis3E929 Test Method for Measuring Electrical Energy Re-
8、quirements of Processing Equipment3. Terminology Definitions:3.1 characteristic product sizethe screen size correspond-ing to 63.2 % cumulative passing by weight.3.2 discrete throughput methodthe method whereby av-erage throughput is calculated as the average of a number ofdiscrete throughput measur
9、ements conducted during a testperiod.3.3 idling time time periods during which a size reductiondevice is freewheeling, that is, not processing refuse.3.4 net processing timethe time during which refuse isprocessed through the size reduction device.3.5 nominal product sizethe screen size correspondin
10、g to90 % cumulative passing by weight.3.6 size reduction device or equipmenta device which sizereduces (Synonyms: shredder, grinder, pulverizer, and mill).3.7 stationary belt methoda method of gross samplecollection in which the conveyor belt is stopped and the sampleof material is removed manually.
11、3.8 time-averaged throughput methodthe methodwhereby the average throughput is calculated by dividing thetotal mass size reduced by the net processing time.3.9 test interval a test interval is equal to one-quarter ofthe test period.3.10 test period the test period is two to four continuoush of net-p
12、rocessing time.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The duration of the test period is established and refuseis prepared for processing.4.2 An energy measuring system is installed.4.3 Solid waste is processed through the size reductionequipment, energy usage and throughput is measured, andsamples for analys
13、is of product particle size distribution arecollected.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03 on Treatment,Recovery and Reuse.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2010. Published January 2011. Originally
14、approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E959-83 (2005). DOI:10.1520/E0959-83R10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Do
15、cument Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.4 Average throughput, power requirements, specifi
16、c en-ergy, and particle size of the shredded product are calculated.4.5 Two methods (Time-Averaged Throughput Method andDiscrete Throughput Method Section 10) for measuring theperformance of size reduction equipment are described. Theselection of a particular method is governed by the layout ofthe p
17、rocessing equipment, the location of the size-reductionequipment relative to the other processing equipment, and thepreference of the parties conducting the test.5. Significance and Use5.1 Throughput, power and energy requirements, and prod-uct size are key parameters that describe the operation and
18、performance of solid waste size-reduction equipment.5.2 This test method can be used to determine if thesize-reduction equipment is operating within specifications andmeeting performance criteria.5.3 Having determined the parameters given in 5.1, theequipment that has been subjected to the test may
19、be comparedto other equipment similarly tested in order to establish relativelevels of performance among equipment.5.4 The basic test period is a continuous two to four hduration. The use of several test periods may be warranted toassess adequately the performance of size reduction equip-ment.6. App
20、aratus6.1 Hand Broom.6.2 Dust Pan.6.3 Wide-mouthed Shovel.6.4 Clock or Stopwatch, accurate to 0.1 s.6.5 Plastic Bags, large containers, or both.6.6 Push-broom.6.7 Ties and Labels.6.8 Electrical Metering System.6.9 Sieving Equipment, manual or mechanical.7. Hazards7.1 The test procedure described in
21、11.4 requires the re-moval of shredded material from a stopped conveyor belt bytest personnel. Precautions should be taken to ensure that thebelt cannot be started while occupied. These precautionsconsist of lockout of the electrical power to the conveyor, readyaccess to a safety “stop” cord located
22、 on the conveyor, or both.7.2 This test method requires installation of electrical me-tering equipment. Consequently, the precautions described inTest Method E929 should be observed.7.3 Gross samples should be collected sufficiently far fromthe size reduction equipment such that test personnel arepr
23、otected from potential explosions and flying objects from theequipment.8. Equipment Calibration8.1 All electrical metering equipment used for energy mea-surement shall be calibrated in accordance with Test MethodE929.8.2 All weight-measuring equipment shall be calibratedaccording to the manufacturer
24、s instructions.9. Preparation for Test9.1 Refuse Preparation and Establishment of TestIntervalsThe duration of the test period is to be a minimumof 2 h and a maximum of 4 of net-processing time. During thetest period, collect four gross samples of shredded productfrom which subsamples for particle s
25、ize distribution analysiswill be taken subsequently. The test period is divided into fourequal test intervals (that is, test intervals 1, 2, 3, and 4).Calculate the approximate duration of the test intervals usingthe following relation:ti* .tp*4(1)where:tp* = estimate of the duration of the test int
26、erval (h), andtp* = estimated duration of the test period (h), subject to thecondition 2 h # tp* # 4h.Weigh refuse, uniformly mixed as much as possible, andform into four discrete piles, each of which has an approximate(nominal) weight as calculated by the following relation:Mi* .m *ti*4(2)where:Mi*
27、 = approximate weight of the refuse pile in Mg,m* = nominal throughput value (Mg/h) established for thetest, andti* = estimated duration of the test interval (h) derivedfrom Eq 1.The measured weight of each pile (Mi) is to be within 6 5%of the nominal weight (Mi*). Record the weight of each pile ont
28、he sample data form shown in Fig. 1.9.2 Time Measurements and LogbookKeep a time logduring the conduct of the test program, the primary purpose ofwhich is to allow the calculation of net-processing time. Asample format for the log is shown in Fig. 2.9.2.1 The key time recordings for each time interv
29、al are asfollows:9.2.1.1 Starting time of the time interval,9.2.1.2 Starting time of idling periods in which the sizereduction device is electrically energized but in which no sizereduction of refuse is occurring,9.2.1.3 Starting time of any periods in which the sizereduction device is electrically
30、shut down (de-energized), and9.2.1.4 Finishing time of the test interval.9.2.2 In order to obtain representative test data, it is recom-mended that the net-processing time be a minimum of 75 % ofthe duration of the test period. For example, if a four-h testperiod is chosen, the net processing time s
31、hould be equal to orgreater than three h.9.3 Setup and Use of the Energy Measuring EquipmentMeasure energy usage of the size reduction device during thetest period using Test Method E929. Use a rotating disk-typewattmeter or equivalent as the measuring instrument. Installand test the energy measurin
32、g equipment prior to initiating thetest period.E959 83 (2010)210. Time-Averaged Throughput Method Procedure:10.1 The Time-Averaged Throughput Method may be usedin those instances where there is no stream-splitting apparatusupstream of the size-reduction device, for example, there is nopre-trommel sc
33、reen upstream of the size-reduction device.10.2 After an initial one-half hour warmup period duringwhich refuse is shredded and the power measuring equipmentis functioning, allow the shreading device to empty. Subse-quent to its emptying, measure the initial freewheeling powerdraw while the machine
34、is idling using a rotating disk-typewattmeter, as described in Test Method E929. Record measure-ments in accordance with Fig. 2, Energy Measurement DataSheet of Test Method E929.10.3 After completion of the initial freewheeling powermeasurements and at the onset of the first time interval, notethe s
35、tarting time and record on the time log (Fig. 2). Record theinitial wattmeter reading in accordance with Fig. 2, EnergyMeasurement Data Sheet of Test Method E929. Simulta-neously, initiate the processing of one of the four pre-weighedpiles of refuse. Make every reasonable effort to supply aconstant
36、flow of refuse into the size-reduction device. Themeasured duration of the test interval is to be within 610 % ofthat estimated for ti*inEq1.10.4 Approximately midway through the first time intervalof the test period, collect a representative gross sample forproduct particle size analysis downstream
37、 of the shredderdischarge. The appropriate weight of the gross sample is asindicated in Fig. 3.10.5 The preferred method of collection for the grosssample is through diversion of the entire cross section of theshredded refuse stream into a collection container or throughcollection of the entire cros
38、s section of the stream at aconveying transition point. Where neither of the two preferredmethods of collection can be employed, the collection of apartial stream sample may be substituted. If partial streamsampling is used, make a notation on the data sheet used forSite: _ Date: _Type of Size Recor
39、ded By: _Reduction Device: _ Test Period No.: _Model No.: _ Test Interval No.: _Serial No.: _Time Description of Activity/Reason for Shutdown(A)Shredding Time,Dts(h)(B)Idling Time,D txA(h)(C)Shredder Shutdown,D tyB(h)TotalsAPower on to size reduction equipment, but no processing of material.BPower o
40、ff to size reduction equipment.FIG. 2 Time Log for Testing Size Reduction EquipmentPile No. Weight of Pile, Mi(Mg)124Total, M: _5678Total, M:_9101112Total, M:_13141516Total, M:_17181920Total, M: _FIG. 1 Sample Data Sheet for Throughput Measurement Usingthe Time-Averaged Throughput MethodE959 83 (201
41、0)3recording the weights of gross and laboratory samples (Fig. 4)and the data sheets used to record particle size distribution data(Fig. 5).10.6 Weigh the gross sample and store in a waterproofcontainer or bag until the representative laboratory samples arechosen. Record weight data on the data shee
42、t shown in Fig. 4.10.7 At the conclusion of the time interval, note the timeand record the reading on the time log.10.8 Collect the second, third, and fourth gross samples forproduct particle size analysis approximately midway into thesecond, third, and fourth test intervals, respectively, of the te
43、stperiod, following the procedures in 10.4 through 10.7 . Noteand record on the time logs the starting times of the subsequenttest intervals.10.9 Following the fourth time interval and immediatelyupon size reducing the remainder of the fourth pile of refuse,note the time and record the final wattmet
44、er reading on TableX4 of Test Method E929. After the final wattmeter reading hasbeen noted, measure the final freewheeling power draw andrecord the data in Fig. 2, Energy Measurement Data Sheet ofTest Method E929.11. Discrete Throughput Method Procedure11.1 The Discrete Throughput Method is used in
45、thoseinstances where splitting of the raw refuse stream occurs priorto its entering the size-reduction device, for example, in thosesystems where a pre-trommel screen is located upstream of thesize-reduction device.11.2 Follow the procedures in 10.2 through 10.4 . Thepreferred method of collection o
46、f the gross sample is bydiversion of the entire cross section of the shredded refusestream into a collection container or through collection of theentire cross section of the stream in free fall at a conveyingtransition point. Use a stopwatch to measure the time duringwhich the throughput sample is
47、being collected.Nominal Product Size, X90, (cm)FIG. 3 Weight Requirements for Gross and Lab Samples as a Function of Nominal Product SizeE959 83 (2010)411.3 Weigh and store the gross sample in a waterproofcontainer or bag until the representative laboratory samples arechosen. Record the weight of th
48、e throughput sample and theelapsed time of sample collection on the data sheet shown inFig. 6.11.4 Where neither of the methods of 11.2 (that is, diversionof the entire cross section of the process stream) can beemployed, collect throughput samples from a suitable length ofconveyor belt downstream of the shredder discharge, using theStationary Belt Method. Simu
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