1、Designation: F 1779 08Standard Practice forReporting Visual Observations of Oil on Water1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1779; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numbe
2、r in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers methods of reporting and recordingvisual observations of oil on water and related responseactivities.1.2 This practice
3、applies only to visual observations of oilon water from an airplane or helicopter. While a similar set ofcodes could be used for classifying oil on beaches, this subjectis not discussed in this practice. It does not cover the use ofremote-sensing equipment from aircraft, which is discussed ina separ
4、ate standard. This does not include observations ofdispersed oil.1.3 This practice is applicable for all types of oil under avariety of environmental and geographical situations.1.4 Visual observations of oil on water from the air involvea number of safety issues associated with the operation ofairp
5、lanes or helicopters at low altitudes. These are not dealtwith in this practice, but the observer should be aware of thehazards of such operations.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values in parentheses are mathematical conver-sions to inch-pound units that are pro
6、vided for informationonly and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bil
7、ity of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 2534 Guide for Visually Estimating Oil Spill Thicknesson Water3. Significance and Use3.1 This practice can be used by surveillance and trackingstaff to report visual observations. The data produced fromsuch obser
8、vations will provide the basis for preparing maps ofthe oil-slick location.3.2 This practice provides a procedure for reporting thevisual observation of oil on water in a systematic manner andin a common format.3.3 This practice deals with the possibility that materialsother than oil might be confus
9、ed with oil when using visualobservation methods.4. Observational Methods4.1 The basic information needed from a visual observationprogram includes the slick size and location, as well as itscharacteristics and shape. The location (preferably determinedby GPS) and some aspects of the effectiveness o
10、f a responseoperation can be easily determined from an aerial platform.Reports on the presence of wildlife and the proximity of oil toenvironmentally sensitive areas are useful information that canbe generated from overflights.4.2 Observers of oil on water will generally use either ahelicopter or a
11、small fixed-wing airplane. The planes shall be1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.16 on Surveillance and Tracking.Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2008. Published September
12、2008. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as F 1779 97 (2003).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document
13、Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.capable of slow-speed flight (120 to 240 km/h; 60 to 120 knots)for extended periods of time and have good forward and sidevisibility. The aircraft shall
14、have adequate range and enduranceconsistent with the size and location of the spill.4.3 Standard maps shall be provided to the observers, so thattheir data can be easily transferred to a single map or map setfor reporting and dissemination. The same maps should beused by the command team and the obs
15、ervers. These maps canbe based on marine charts, topographic maps or special mapsproduced for the spill. Useful scales vary from 1:10000 to1:50000. It is difficult to plot information to the requiredaccuracy using maps of a larger scale.4.4 The flight path shall be shown on all maps. The actualfligh
16、t path should be recorded on GPS and can be transferredto the map(s) later. An initial proposed flight path should beprepared prior to the flight. During the flight, deviations fromthis plan may be necessary in order to observe the total area ofthe slick.4.5 Typical flight altitudes range from 100 t
17、o 1000 m (300to 3000 ft) depending on the type of the spill and on the cloudceiling at flight time. There are flight safety considerationsassociated with low-altitude flying.4.6 The best angle to observe an oil slick is directly aboveit looking straight down. This is known as a nadir observation.The
18、 flight path should be adjusted, wherever possible, toprovide observers with a nadir view of the slick. For mostfixed-wing aircraft, it is not possible to observe directlydownwards, and therefore the flight path should be chosen toallow for observation of the spill at as near the vertical aspossible
19、.5. Methods of Reporting5.1 Reporting NeedsThere are a number of characteristicsof the slick that shall be reported in order to provide the userof visual observations with the appropriate amount of infor-mation. The following characteristics shall be reported for eachslick that is observed during a
20、reconnaissance flight. Theseobservations are a snap-shot in time. Both the location andcharacteristics of an oil slick change rapidly. In order to beuseful for responders, the information should be available ashort time after it is obtained (typically less than 3 h).5.2 Color of SlickThis shall be r
21、eported as a color code, asfollows:5.2.1 Brown or BlackB.5.2.2 Brown or Black with a red tinge signifying presence ofan Emulsion or mousseE.5.2.3 Rainbow sheenR.5.2.4 Grey or Silver Grey sheenG.5.3 Percentage Coverage and Character of SlickPercentage of area as described that is covered by oil.5.4 T
22、he character of the slick shall be noted such as follows:5.4.1 WindrowsW.5.4.2 ContinuousC.5.4.3 Tar BallsT.5.4.4 PancakesP.5.5 The eight parameters in 5.2 and 5.4 give a description ofthe oil slick.5.6 Slick FeaturesIf the leading edge of the slick can beidentified, is should be noted as a heavy li
23、ne.5.7 The preceding data complete the description of the slick,as it would be placed on a base map.5.8 Other PropertiesThere are a number of secondaryrelated features that can be easily observed during a reconnais-sance flight, and should be reported on the surveillance map, ifappropriate. This rec
24、ording of such information yields addi-tional useful data from a surveillance flight.These observationsinclude:5.8.1 Mechanical response operations (such as booms andskimmers)M.5.8.2 Dispersant or chemical response operationsD.5.8.3 In-situ burning (Fire) response operationsF.5.8.4 Shoreline cleanup
25、 in the areaS.5.8.5 Animals or birds seen in areaA.5.8.6 Wildlife Habitat in areaH.5.8.7 Ocean featuresO (such as convergences).5.8.8 EXtra features such as ice, debrisX.5.9 Each element shall be separated by a forward slash (/)except for other properties which are included as a group. Thusa slick c
26、ould be described as B/50/W/M. This can be decodedas a slick containing Black oil with a 50 % coverage. The oil isin Windrows and a Mechanical response operation is beingundertaken.6. Voice Communications6.1 Need for Voice CommunicationsSince timeliness isvery important, rapid communication of obser
27、vations is essen-tial. There are many situations that require the use of voicecommunications, either by radio or telephone to describe an oilslick. In this case, sufficient information shall be communi-cated in order to allow the recipient to produce a map of theobservations.6.2 Location of Observat
28、ionThis location shall be re-ported in latitude and longitude of the apparent center of the oilslick being observed. If the leading edge of the slick can belocated, its position should be reported. This data can bedetermined using the aircraft navigation instruments or using aportable GPS receiver.
29、It shall be reported in degrees, minutes,and seconds or in degrees, minutes with two decimal points. Ifit is not possible to obtain the latitude and longitude of thelocation, an estimate of the range and bearing, from a properlyidentified geographical reference, shall be used. Alternatively,aircraft
30、 navigation instruments such as VOR/DME can beused, if available.6.3 Size and Shape of SlickThe size and shape of the slickshall be reported. The units used shall be kilometres (ornautical miles) and represent the major and minor axis of theslick.6.4 Orientation of SlickThe orientation of the major
31、axisshall be given using degrees from North. In the case of a slickof complex shape, it shall be divided into a number of smallerslicks of simple geometry.6.5 Sequence of DataMany telephone lines and radiocommunications are very noisy. This is especially true oftransmission from small aircraft and h
32、elicopters used foroil-spill surveillance. To promote brevity and standardize thetransmission of data, the following sequence should be used. Ifplain language can be used, it should be, but the sequence oftransmission should be maintained. This means that a strictF1779082sequence must be observed in
33、 the transmission of surveillancedata. This sequence is:6.5.1 Latitude of slick centreN or S,6.5.2 Longitude of slick centreE or W,6.5.3 Leading edge-LatitudeN or S or None,6.5.4 Leading edge-LongitudeE or W or None,6.5.5 Length of major axis in kilometres (nautical miles),6.5.6 Length of minor axis
34、 in kilometres (nautical miles),6.5.7 Orientation of major axis in degrees from North,6.5.8 Color of slickB, E, R, G,6.5.9 Percentage coveragePercent,6.5.10 Character of slickW, C, T, P,6.5.11 Other propertiesM, D, F, S, A, H, O, X, and6.5.12 END.6.6 If an element is not present, a dash () shall be
35、used. Ata minimum, the first eight parameters shall be transmitted andas many as needed of the ninth parameter (Other Properties) asa single group. The transmission shall be terminated by theword END.6.6.1 Thus, a slick could be described as follows: Latitudeof Slick Center 58238059 N (slash) Longit
36、ude of slick center176128159 W (slash) Latitude of Leading Edge 58238409 N(slash) Longitude of Leading Edge 176108209 W (slash) 3 km(slash) 1 km (slash) 40 (slash) B (slash) 50 (slash) C (slash) M(slash) END. This means that there is a 3 by 1 km (nauticalmiles) slick oriented north-east (40) contain
37、ing Black oil witha 50 % coverage. The oil is Continuous and there is aMechanical response operation in the area.Another example isthe description Latitude of Slick Center 58238059 N (slash)Longitude of slick center 176128159 W (slash) None (slash)None (slash) 3 km (slash) 1 km (slash) 40 (slash) da
38、sh (slash)dash (slash) dash (slash) M (Slash) END, where visibility waspoor and the nature of the slick could not be determined.7. Mapping7.1 There are three different styles of maps typically pro-duced during the operation of a visual flight program in theresponse to an incident. These are: prepara
39、tion of a base map,conducting the overflight and preparation of a map during theflight, and finally, preparation of a computer-generated map forpresentation purposes based on the overflight hand-preparedmap. Standards for computer-generated maps are not includedin this practice.7.2 A base map should
40、 be prepared that covers the area ofthe spill. If the spill is very large, more than one base map maybe required. They should have sufficient detail to guide theobserver in the aircraft. The area covered should be consistentwith the size of the spill, but should probably not exceed 100by 100 km (54
41、by 54 nautical miles). A typical example of abase map is shown in Fig. 1. This map should include thelocation of the spill (circled X), the command center and othergeographic features that will assist the user in the understand-ing of the map. Any information that is common to all mapsshould be plac
42、ed on the base map.7.3 The second type of map uses the base map and theconcise notation described earlier to record data obtainedduring an overflight. This map is hand-drawn. It is thecombined responsibility of the observers and the generator ofthe computer map to produce the final map which correct
43、lydescribes the observational data. An example of an overflightmap is shown in Fig. 2.7.4 Users of visual observations may well request an esti-mate of the amount of oil on the water. While this cannot bedone with any degree of accuracy, Guide F 2534 providesinformation on this technique.8. Keywords
44、8.1 airborne surveillance; oil spill reconnaissance; oil spillsurveillance; visual observationF1779083FIG. 1 Typical Example of Base MapF1779084ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of t
45、his standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five y
46、ears andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical comm
47、ittee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).FIG. 2 Overflight MapF1779085
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