ASTM F1779-2008 Standard Practice for Reporting Visual Observations of Oil on Water《报告目观测水中油含量的标准实施规程》.pdf
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1、Designation: F 1779 08Standard Practice forReporting Visual Observations of Oil on Water1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1779; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numbe
2、r in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers methods of reporting and recordingvisual observations of oil on water and related responseactivities.1.2 This practice
3、applies only to visual observations of oilon water from an airplane or helicopter. While a similar set ofcodes could be used for classifying oil on beaches, this subjectis not discussed in this practice. It does not cover the use ofremote-sensing equipment from aircraft, which is discussed ina separ
4、ate standard. This does not include observations ofdispersed oil.1.3 This practice is applicable for all types of oil under avariety of environmental and geographical situations.1.4 Visual observations of oil on water from the air involvea number of safety issues associated with the operation ofairp
5、lanes or helicopters at low altitudes. These are not dealtwith in this practice, but the observer should be aware of thehazards of such operations.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values in parentheses are mathematical conver-sions to inch-pound units that are pro
6、vided for informationonly and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bil
7、ity of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 2534 Guide for Visually Estimating Oil Spill Thicknesson Water3. Significance and Use3.1 This practice can be used by surveillance and trackingstaff to report visual observations. The data produced fromsuch obser
8、vations will provide the basis for preparing maps ofthe oil-slick location.3.2 This practice provides a procedure for reporting thevisual observation of oil on water in a systematic manner andin a common format.3.3 This practice deals with the possibility that materialsother than oil might be confus
9、ed with oil when using visualobservation methods.4. Observational Methods4.1 The basic information needed from a visual observationprogram includes the slick size and location, as well as itscharacteristics and shape. The location (preferably determinedby GPS) and some aspects of the effectiveness o
10、f a responseoperation can be easily determined from an aerial platform.Reports on the presence of wildlife and the proximity of oil toenvironmentally sensitive areas are useful information that canbe generated from overflights.4.2 Observers of oil on water will generally use either ahelicopter or a
11、small fixed-wing airplane. The planes shall be1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.16 on Surveillance and Tracking.Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2008. Published September
12、2008. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as F 1779 97 (2003).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document
13、Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.capable of slow-speed flight (120 to 240 km/h; 60 to 120 knots)for extended periods of time and have good forward and sidevisibility. The aircraft shall
14、have adequate range and enduranceconsistent with the size and location of the spill.4.3 Standard maps shall be provided to the observers, so thattheir data can be easily transferred to a single map or map setfor reporting and dissemination. The same maps should beused by the command team and the obs
15、ervers. These maps canbe based on marine charts, topographic maps or special mapsproduced for the spill. Useful scales vary from 1:10000 to1:50000. It is difficult to plot information to the requiredaccuracy using maps of a larger scale.4.4 The flight path shall be shown on all maps. The actualfligh
16、t path should be recorded on GPS and can be transferredto the map(s) later. An initial proposed flight path should beprepared prior to the flight. During the flight, deviations fromthis plan may be necessary in order to observe the total area ofthe slick.4.5 Typical flight altitudes range from 100 t
17、o 1000 m (300to 3000 ft) depending on the type of the spill and on the cloudceiling at flight time. There are flight safety considerationsassociated with low-altitude flying.4.6 The best angle to observe an oil slick is directly aboveit looking straight down. This is known as a nadir observation.The
18、 flight path should be adjusted, wherever possible, toprovide observers with a nadir view of the slick. For mostfixed-wing aircraft, it is not possible to observe directlydownwards, and therefore the flight path should be chosen toallow for observation of the spill at as near the vertical aspossible
19、.5. Methods of Reporting5.1 Reporting NeedsThere are a number of characteristicsof the slick that shall be reported in order to provide the userof visual observations with the appropriate amount of infor-mation. The following characteristics shall be reported for eachslick that is observed during a
20、reconnaissance flight. Theseobservations are a snap-shot in time. Both the location andcharacteristics of an oil slick change rapidly. In order to beuseful for responders, the information should be available ashort time after it is obtained (typically less than 3 h).5.2 Color of SlickThis shall be r
21、eported as a color code, asfollows:5.2.1 Brown or BlackB.5.2.2 Brown or Black with a red tinge signifying presence ofan Emulsion or mousseE.5.2.3 Rainbow sheenR.5.2.4 Grey or Silver Grey sheenG.5.3 Percentage Coverage and Character of SlickPercentage of area as described that is covered by oil.5.4 T
22、he character of the slick shall be noted such as follows:5.4.1 WindrowsW.5.4.2 ContinuousC.5.4.3 Tar BallsT.5.4.4 PancakesP.5.5 The eight parameters in 5.2 and 5.4 give a description ofthe oil slick.5.6 Slick FeaturesIf the leading edge of the slick can beidentified, is should be noted as a heavy li
23、ne.5.7 The preceding data complete the description of the slick,as it would be placed on a base map.5.8 Other PropertiesThere are a number of secondaryrelated features that can be easily observed during a reconnais-sance flight, and should be reported on the surveillance map, ifappropriate. This rec
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