1、Standard Methodfor Evaluatingthe Strength ofBrazed JointsAWS C3.2M/C3.2:2008An American National Standard550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126AWS C3.2M/C3.2:2008An American National StandardApproved by theAmerican National Standards InstituteJanuary 4, 2008Standard Method forEvaluating the Strength
2、of Brazed Joints4th EditionSupersedes AWS C3.2M/C3.2:2001Prepared by theAmerican Welding Society (AWS) C3 Committee on Brazing and SolderingUnder the Direction of theAWS Technical Activities CommitteeApproved by theAWS Board of DirectorsAbstractThis standard describes the test methods used to obtain
3、 brazed strength data of the short-time testing of single-lap jointsin shear, butt-tension, stress-rupture, creep-strength, four-point-bending, and ceramic-tensile-button specimens. Specimenpreparation methods, brazing procedures, testing techniques, and methods for data analysis are detailed. Sampl
4、e formsfor recording data are presented. A graphical method of data presentation relates shear stress to overlap distance.iiAWS C3.2M/C3.2:2008International Standard Book Number: 978-0-87171-086-4American Welding Society550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 2008 by American Welding SocietyAll right
5、s reservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaPhotocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in anyform, including mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyrightowner.Authoriza
6、tion to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only or the internal, personal, oreducational classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provided that the appropriatefee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive,
7、 Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet:.iiiAWS C3.2M/C3.2:2008Statement on the Use of American Welding Society StandardsAll standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the AmericanWelding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards
8、 that have been developed in accordance with the rules of theAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National Standards are either incorporated in, ormade part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other govern-mental
9、bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWSstandards must be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part ofthose laws and regulations. In all cases, these standards carry the full le
10、gal authority of the contract or other documentthat invokes the AWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirementsof an AWS standard must be by agreement between the contracting parties.AWS American National Standards are developed through a consens
11、us standards development process that bringstogether volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While the AWS administers theprocess and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evalu-ate, or verify the
12、accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whetherspecial, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the pu
13、blication, use of, or relianceon this standard. AWS also makes no guarantee or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any informationpublished herein.In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is neither undertaking to render professional or other services for oron behalf of any pers
14、on or entity, nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someoneelse. Anyone using these documents should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek theadvice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any g
15、iven circumstances. It isassumed that the use of this standard and its provisions are entrusted to appropriately qualified and competent personnel.This standard may be superseded by the issuance of new editions. Users should ensure that they have the latest edition.Publication of this standard does
16、not authorize infringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard acceptany and all liabilities for infringement of any patent or trade name items. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement ofany patent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard.Finally, the AWS do
17、es not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.On occasion, text, tables, or figures are printed incorrectly, constituting errata. Such errata, when discovered, are postedon the AWS web page (www.aws.org).Official interpretations of any of the t
18、echnical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request,in writing, to the appropriate technical committee. Such requests should be addressed to the American Welding Society,Attention: Managing Director, Technical Services Division, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 (se
19、e Annex B).With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be rendered.These opinions are offered solely as a convenience to users of this standard, and they do not constitute professionaladvice. Such opinions represent only the personal opinions
20、of the particular individuals giving them. These individualsdo not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpretations ofAWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.Thi
21、s standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS C3 Committee on Brazing and Soldering. It must bereviewed every five years, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations,additions, or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improvin
22、g this standard are required and should beaddressed to AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS C3 Committee onBrazing and Soldering and the author of the comments will be informed of the Committees response to the comments.Guests are invited to attend all meetin
23、gs of the AWS C3 Committee on Brazing and Soldering to express their commentsverbally. Procedures for appeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules ofOperation of the Technical Activities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American Weldin
24、gSociety, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.This page is intentionally blank.ivAWS C3.2M/C3.2:2008vAWS C3.2M/C3.2:2008PersonnelAWS C3 Committee on Brazing and SolderingP. T. Vianco, Chair Sandia National LaboratoriesR. W. Smith, Vice Chair Materials Resources InternationalS. N. Borrero, Secreta
25、ry American Welding SocietyG. L. Alexy The Prince thus, it is imperative that the specimen geometry used for measuring the strength of brazed joints be standardizedand that all strength data be obtained using standard specimens.Test specimens have been included to provide additional design data for
26、butt brazed joints, creep strength, stress rupturedata, and four-point bending specimens for testing of brazed ceramics and similar low-ductility materials. New to thisedition are a series of subclauses addressing ceramic tensile button strength testing. These new subclauses include a dis-cussion of
27、 the preparation of tensile button test specimens, brazing procedures, leak checking, and mechanical testing.Comments and suggestions for the improvement of this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the Secretary,AWS C3 Committee on Brazing and Soldering, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. L
28、eJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.This page is intentionally blank.viiiAWS C3.2M/C3.2:2008ixAWS C3.2M/C3.2:2008Table of ContentsPage No.PersonnelvForeword viiList of Tables .xiList of Figuresxi1. Scope.12. Normative References .13. Terms and Definitions.14. Test Specimen and Procedures for the Testing of
29、 Single-Lap Joints in Shear24.1 Test Description24.2 Specimen Preparation .24.3 Brazing Procedure.54.4 Postbrazing Procedure 54.5 Processing and Presentation of Data.55. Test Specimen and Procedures for the Testing of Brazed Double-Lap Shear Specimen inCreep or Stress Rupture .85.1 Test Description8
30、5.2 Specimen Preparation .85.3 Brazing Procedure.95.4 Postbrazing Procedure 105.5 Recording of Data.105.6 Mechanical Testing.105.7 Processing and Presentation of Data.106. Test Specimen and Procedures for Testing Butt Brazed Specimens in Tension.116.1 Test Description116.2 Specimen Preparation .126.
31、3 Brazing Procedure.136.4 Postbrazing Procedure 146.5 Recording of Data.146.6 Mechanical Testing.146.7 Processing and Presentation of Data.157. Test Specimen and Procedures for Testing the Four-Point Bend Specimen .157.1 Test Description157.2 Specimen Preparation .157.3 Brazing Procedure.157.4 Postb
32、razing Procedure 157.5 Recording of Data.167.6 Mechanical Testing.167.7 Processing and Presentation of Data.178. Test Specimen Preparation and Procedures for Tensile Button Testing.178.1 Test Description178.2 Specimen Preparation .17xPage No.AWS C3.2M/C3.2:20088.3 Procurement of Ceramic Tensile Butt
33、ons.178.4 Ceramic Tensile Button Parts .198.5 Brazing Procedure.198.6 Postbrazing Procedures.22Annex A (Informative)Informative References .25Annex B (Informative)Guidelines for the Preparation of Technical Inquiries.27List of AWS Documents on Brazing and Soldering 29xiAWS C3.2M/C3.2:2008List of Tab
34、lesTable Page No.1 Suggested Overlap Distances for the Single-Lap Shear Specimen 22 Suggested Overlap Distances for the Double-Lap Shear Specimen.83 Dimensions for the Stamped Metallic Interlayer Used with Joint Types (C) and (D) .194 List for Tensile Button Brazing Fixture Parts Shown in Figure 15
35、21List of FiguresFigure Page No.1 Single-Lap Shear Test Specimen Blank .32 Assembly of Single-Lap Shear Test Specimen and the Application of Brazing Filler Metal 33 Tack Weld Fixture for Shear Test Specimen44 Typical Data Sheet for the Details of Single-Lap Specimen Preparation and Brazing 65 Pin-Lo
36、aded Single-Lap Shear Test Specimen 76 Average Stress as Function of Overlap Distance87 Assembly of Double-Lap Shear Test Specimens and the Application of Brazing Filler Metal.98 Pin-Loaded Double-Lap Shear Test Specimen.119 Method of Fabricating the Tensile Specimens Used to Obtain Data on the Mech
37、anical Propertiesof Butt Brazed Joints.1210 Assembly of Blanks for Butt Brazed Tensile Specimen.1311 Butt Brazed Tensile Specimen1412 Bend Specimens and Fixtures.1613 Still Image, Showing from Left to Right: (A) A Brazed Tensile Button Sample, Oriented Upright,(B) A Brazed Tensile Button Sample, on
38、Its Side, (C) An Individual Tensile Button Piece That HasBeen Metallized and Ni Plated, and (D) A Bare Ceramic Tensile Button Piece1814 Fabrication Drawing for the Ceramic Tensile Button Specimen (Nominal Braze Cross Section= 113.3 mm2 0.17987 in2) 1815 Brazing Fixture for ASTM F 19 Tensile Specimen
39、2016 Schematic of Self-Aligning Grip for Tension Testing the Brazed Tensile Button Specimen22This page is intentionally blank.xiiAWS C3.2M/C3.2:2008AWS C3.2M/C3.2:200811. ScopeThe purpose of this standard is to describe the test meth-ods used to obtain reliable data on the strength of metal-to-metal
40、, metal-to-nonmetal, and nonmetal-to-nonmetalbrazed joints. Test specimens should be prepared usingconsistent and proper fabrication and brazing practices.Interpretation of the test results is the responsibility ofthe user.It is important that the user of these tests maintain suffi-cient documentati
41、on of the materials, brazing parame-ters, and test conditions. This documentation will berequired when comparing the results with the jointstrengths obtained by others using this standard method.General use of this standard method may permit a compi-lation of brazed joint strengths and brazing desig
42、n crite-ria at some future time.Safety and health issues and concerns are beyond thescope of this standard and therefore are not fullyaddressed herein. Safety and health information is avail-able from other sources, including, but not limited to,ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and AlliedProc
43、esses.This standard makes use of both the International Systemof Units (SI) and U.S. Customary Units. The latterare shown within brackets , or in appropriate columnsin tables and figures. The measurements may not beexact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be usedindependently.2. Normative Ref
44、erencesThe standards listed below contain provisions which,through reference in this text, constitute mandatory pro-visions of this AWS standard. For undated references,the latest edition of the referenced standard shall apply.For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revi-sions of, any of
45、these publications do not apply.American Welding Society (AWS) documents:1AWS A5.31, Specification for Fluxes for Brazing andBraze Welding; andAWS Brazing Handbook.ASTM International standards:2ASTM E 8, Standard Test Methods for Tension Test-ing of Metallic Materials;ASTM C 1161, Standard Test Meth
46、od for FlexuralStrength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature;andASTM F 19, Standard Test Method for Tension andVacuum Testing Metallized Ceramic Seals.3. Terms and DefinitionsAWS A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions,Including Terms for Adhesive Bonding, Brazing, Solder-ing, Thermal Cu
47、tting, and Thermal Spraying, providesthe basis for terminology used herein.For the purposes of this document, the following termsand definitions apply:active brazing filler metal. A brazing filler metal that,through the addition of an active element such as tita-nium, zirconium, vanadium, hafnium, o
48、r niobium, isable to wet nonmetallic surfaces directly.interlayer. A flat, metallic preform that is machined,stamped, or punched out from the same alloy that isbeing evaluated for brazeability with ceramic material.1AWS standards are published by the American WeldingSociety, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, M
49、iami, FL 33126.2ASTM International standards are published by ASTMInternational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken,Pennsylvania 19428-2959.Standard Method for Evaluatingthe Strength of Brazed JointsAWS C3.2M/C3.2:20082nonactive brazing filler metal. A brazing filler metalthat cannot directly wet nonmetallic surfaces. Such abrazing filler metal would typically be brazed to oxideceramics that are metallized and nickel- or copper-plated prior to the brazing operation.4. Test Specimen and Procedures for the Testing of Single-Lap Joints in Shear4.1 Test Description. The mechanical p
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