1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS EN 15234-1:2011Solid biofuels Fuel qualityassurancePart 1: General requirementsBS EN 15234-1:2011 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementati
2、on of EN 15234-1:2011.It supersedes DD CEN/TS 15234:2006 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PTI/17, Solid biofuels.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not pu
3、rport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. BSI 2011ISBN 978 0 580 71117 6ICS 75.160.10Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStand
4、ards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 March 2011.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS EN 15234-1:2011EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN 15234-1 March 2011 ICS 75.160.10 Supersedes CEN/TS 15234:2006English Version Solid biofuels - Fuel quality assurance - Part
5、1: General requirements Biocombustibles solides - Assurance de la qualit des combustibles - Partie 1: Exigences gnrales Feste Biobrennstoffe - Qualittssicherung von Brennstoffen - Teil 1: Allgemeine Anforderungen This European Standard was approved by CEN on 18 January 2011. CEN members are bound to
6、 comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CE
7、NELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has t
8、he same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Pola
9、nd, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by a
10、ny means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 15234-1:2011: EBS EN 15234-1:2011EN 15234-1:2011 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword 3Introduction .41 Scope 52 Normative references 53 Terms and definitions .54 Symbols and abbreviations 65 Principle 76 Quality assurance and quality control
11、 measures .86.1 General 86.2 Comparison of quality control and quality assurance.96.3 Traceability 106.4 Production requirements . 116.5 Transportation, handling and storage 146.6 Fuel analysis and specification . 146.6.1 General . 146.6.2 Sampling and sample handling . 156.6.3 Accuracy in determina
12、tion of properties . 157 Product declaration of fuel quality and labelling 16Annex A (informative) Examples of product declarations 17Annex B (informative) Overview of properties being specified in EN 14961-1 . 20Bibliography . 22BS EN 15234-1:2011EN 15234-1:2011 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 152
13、34-1:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 335 “Solid biofuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SIS. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2011, and confli
14、cting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2011. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This docu
15、ment supersedes CEN/TS 15234:2006. The European standard series EN 15234 Solid biofuels Fuel quality assurance are provided as a general requirements and additional standards. Additional standards may extend this series over time. EN 15234 consists of the following parts, under the general title Sol
16、id biofuels Fuel quality assurance: Part 1: General requirements; Part 2: Wood pellets for non-industrial use (under development); Part 3: Wood briquettes for non-industrial use (under development); Part 4: Wood chips for non-industrial use (under development); Part 5: Firewood for non-industrial us
17、e (under development); Part 6: Non-woody pellets for non-industrial use (under development). Although these standards may be obtained separately, it should be recognised that they require an understanding of the standards based on and supporting EN 15234-1. It is recommended to obtain and use EN 152
18、34-1 in conjunction with these standards. NOTE In these standards, non-industrial use means: use in smaller scale appliances, such as, in households, in small commercial and public sector buildings. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the follow
19、ing countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovak
20、ia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. BS EN 15234-1:2011EN 15234-1:2011 (E) 4 Introduction The overall aim of this European Standard is to guarantee the solid biofuel quality through the whole supply chain, from the origin to the delivery of the solid biofuel and to provid
21、e adequate confidence that specified quality requirements are fulfilled. The solid biofuel supply chain usually consists of the main stages described in Figure 1. Figure 1Solid biofuel supply chain The objective of this European Standard is to serve as a tool to enable the efficient trading of biofu
22、els. Thereby: a) end-user can find a biofuel that corresponds to its needs; b) producer/supplier can produce a biofuel with defined and consistent properties and describe the biofuel to the customers. Quality assurance measures shall establish confidence in the biofuel through systems that are simpl
23、e to operate and do not cause undue bureaucracy. Solid biofuels are specified according to EN 14961 series Solid biofuels Fuel specifications and classes. According to the terminology of EN ISO 9001:2008 1, a Quality Management system generally consists of quality planning, quality control, quality
24、assurance and quality improvement. This European Standard covers fuel quality assurance (part of quality management, focused on providing confidence that the quality requirements will be fulfilled) and quality control (part of quality management, focused on fulfilling the quality requirements). The
25、users of this European Standard may integrate EN 15234-1 in their general quality assurance scheme, e.g. the EN ISO 9000 series 1, 2, 3. If the company does not have a quality management system, this European Standard can be used on its own to help the supplier in documenting fuel quality and creati
26、ng adequate confidence between the supplier and the end-user. NOTE This European Standard for fuel quality assurance is only concerned with the fuel part. To ensure the efficient use of solid biofuels, the relationship between the fuel and the combustion unit is also important to consider. It is rec
27、ommended that the end-users ensure that the combustion technology used and the solid biofuels are compatible to achieve an optimised burning process. In addition to high efficiency, the environmental impact is reduced when the combustion process is optimised (e.g. unburnt carbon in the ash will be r
28、educed; the emissions from the flue gases are reduced, etc.). Raw material Identification and collection ofraw materialProduction/ preparation ofsolid biofuelsTrade and delivery of solid biofuelsReception ofsolid biofuelby end-userSupply chain activities covered by this European StandardEnd-user Com
29、bustion unit or other conversion unit BS EN 15234-1:2011EN 15234-1:2011 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard defines the procedures to fulfil the quality requirements (quality control) and describes measures to ensure adequate confidence that the biofuel specification is fulfilled (quality assurance
30、). This European Standard covers the whole chain, from supply of raw materials to point of delivery to the end-user. According to the mandate given for the standardisation work, the scope of the CEN/TC 335 only includes solid biofuels originating from the following sources: products from agriculture
31、 and forestry; vegetable waste from agriculture and forestry; vegetable waste from the food processing industry; wood waste, with the exception of wood waste which may contain halogenated organic compounds or heavy metal as a result of treatment with wood preservatives or coating, and which includes
32、 in particular such wood waste originated from construction and demolition waste; fibrous vegetable waste from virgin pulp production and from the production of paper from pulp, if it is co-incinerated at the place of production and heat generated is recovered; cork waste. NOTE 1 The quality assuran
33、ce systems applied to the operation of conversion plants fuelled by solid biofuels are outside the scope of this European Standard. NOTE 2 Health, safety and environmental issues for solid biofuels are important and need special attention, however they are outside the scope of this European Standard
34、. NOTE 3 For the avoidance of doubt, demolition wood is not included in the scope of this European Standard. Demolition wood is defined as “used wood arising from demolition of buildings or civil engineering installations” (EN 14588:2010, 4.52). NOTE 4 The biofuels covered by this European standard
35、are identical to the fuels exempted from the Directive 2000/76/EC Article 2.2 a) from i) to v) on incineration of waste. NOTE 5 Aquatic biomass is not included in the scope of this European Standard. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of t
36、his document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 14588:2010, Solid biofuels Terminology, definitions and descriptions EN 14961-1:2010, Solid biofuels Fuel specifications an
37、d classes Part 1: General requirements NOTE In EN 14961-1, there is a list of Normative references of the European Standards for sampling, sample reduction and determination of solid biofuel properties. 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN
38、14588:2010 apply. BS EN 15234-1:2011EN 15234-1:2011 (E) 6 4 Symbols and abbreviations The symbols and abbreviations used in this European Standard comply with the SIsystem of units as far as possible. d dry (dry basis) daf dry, ash-free ar as received w-% weight-percentage A designation for ash cont
39、ent Ad (w-% of dry basis) 1)BD designation for bulk density as received kg/m31)DE designation for particle density as received kg/dm31)D designation for diameter as received mm1)DU designation for mechanical durability as received w-%1)E designation for energy density as received EarMJ/m3or MWh/m3lo
40、ose or stacked volume amount of energy/volume unit)1)F designation for amount of fines w-%, particles less than 3,15 mm1)L designation for length as received mm1)M designation for moisture content as received on wet basis, Marw-% 1)P designation for particle size distribution1)qV,gr, dgross calorifi
41、c value at constant volume on dry basis MJ/kgqp,net,dnet calorific value at constant pressure on dry basis MJ/kg Q designation for net calorific value as received, qp,net,arMJ/kg or kWh/kg or MWh/t at constant pressure1)NOTE 1 MJ/kg equals 0,2778 kWh/kg (1 kWh/kg equals 1 MWh/t and 1 MWh/t is 3,6 MJ
42、/kg). 1 g/cm3equals 1 kg/dm3. 1) Designation symbols are used in combination with a number to specify property levels in Table 3 to Table 15 and in informative Annex A in EN 14961-1:2010. For designation of chemical properties chemical symbols like S (sulphur), Cl (chlorine), N (nitrogen) are used a
43、nd the value is added at the end of the symbol. BS EN 15234-1:2011EN 15234-1:2011 (E) 7 Origin and source Origin and source Specification Product declaration Biomass origin and source Solid biofuel production Retail or end-use 5 Principle This European Standard covers the fuel quality assurance of t
44、he supply chain and the information to be used in the quality control of the biofuel. This ensures traceability and gives confidence by demonstrating that all processes along the supply chain (of solid biofuels) up to the point of the delivery to the end-user are under control. Figure 2 illustrates
45、the principle of this standard and the procedures to establish confidence in the biofuel. Traceability Production requirements Product declaration Person/ Organisation responsible: 1stoperator providing the resource as a feedstock for energy purposes Producer of the solid biofuel who is responsible
46、for the maintenance of the fuel quality until it is delivered to the end-user or retailer. If the producer is a direct supplier for end-user it is him/her who has to provide a product declaration. Supplier/retailer of solid biofuels to the end-user Actions: Providing accurate information on the orig
47、in, source and location the feedstock was taken from. Processing, handling and storage of the solid biofuels ensuring the solid biofuel is supplied in the quality that has been declared. Ensuring the customer receives products as declared in the product declaration and the declaration is accurate an
48、d appropriate for the end-users requirements Example of demonstrating compliance This can be achieved through a combination of using EN 14961-1:2010, Table 1 Origin and Source and having a declaration where possible on the location of the feedstock This can be achieved by providing a declaration abo
49、ut origin, source an location according to EN 14961-1:2010, Table 1 at the location of the feedstock wherever possible Product declaration, backed up with quality control verification and quality assurance documentation and test data (as appropriate) Figure 2 Illustration of principle. Figure 3 illustrates some of the different types of solid biofuel supply chains and appropriate points for documenting the origin and source and the
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