CR 14244-2001 Durability of Wood and Wood-Based Products - Recommendations for Measurement of Emissions to the Environment from Treated Wood in Service《木制品和木基制品的耐久性 经处理的木材在使用时排放到环境.pdf

1、PUBLISHED DOCUMENT PD CR 14244:2001 Durability of wood and wood-based products Recommendations for measurement of emissions to the environment from treated wood in service ICS 79.020; 71.100.50 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWPD CR 14244:2001 This British Standa

2、rd, having been prepared under the direction of the Sector Policy and Strategy Committee for Building and Civil Engineering, was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 26 November 2001 BSI 26 November 2001 ISBN 0 580 38711 9 National foreword This Published D

3、ocument reproduces verbatim CR 14244:2001. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee B/515, Wood preservation, which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The B

4、ritish Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Find” facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. A Bri

5、tish Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present

6、to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an insi

7、de front cover, CR title page, pages 2 to 15 and a back cover. The BSI copyright date displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsCENREPORT RAPPORTCEN CENBERICHT CR14244 October2001 ICS Englishversion Durabilityofw

8、oodandwoodbasedproducts Recommendationsformeasurementofemissionstothe environmentfromtreatedwoodinservice ThisCENReportwasapprovedbyCENon6July2001.IthasbeendrawnupbytheTechnicalCommitteeCEN/TC38. CENmembersarethenationalstandardsbodiesofAustria,Belgium,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Finland,France,Germany,Gr

9、eece, Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Luxembourg,Netherlands,Norway,Portugal,Spain,Sweden,SwitzerlandandUnitedKingdom. EUROPEANCOMMITTEEFORSTANDARDIZATION COMITEUROPENDENORMALISATION EUROPISCHESKOMITEEFRNORMUNG ManagementCentre:ruedeStassart,36B1050Brussels 2001CEN Allrightsofexploitationinanyformandbyanymean

10、sreserved worldwideforCENnationalMembers. Ref.No.CR14244:2001E PDCR14244:2001:44241RC(1002E) 2 Contents Foreword3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 5 2 Frameworkofcasesfordeterminationofneedsforemissiontestmethods5 3 Reviewofmethodsofmeasurementofemissionsfrompreservativetreatedwood .6 4 Characteristicsofreal

11、isticemissiontestmethods 11 Bibliography 14 PDCR14244:2001:44241RC(1002E) 3 Foreword ThisdocumenthasbeenpreparedbyCEN/TC38,“Durabilityofwoodandwoodbasedproducts“,thesecretariat ofwhichisheldbyAFNOR. ThestatusofthisdocumentasCENReporthasbeenchosenbecausethemostofitscontentisareviewof methodsofmeasure

12、mentofemissionsfrompreservativetreatedwoodinordertostimulatethediscussionofthe testparametersandthetestmethodsforemissionstoberetained. PDCR14244:2001:44241RC(1002E) 4 Introduction Theregulatorycontrolofbiocidesandbiocidalproducts(asdefinedundertheUEDirective98/8/EC,including woodpreservatives,requi

13、resincreasingamountsofenvironmentallyrelatedinformationonwhichtobase decisions. Inthecaseofwoodpreservatives(producttype8)thisincludestheprovisionofdataconcerningwoodpreservative treatedarticles. Thisdataisusedtoassesswhetherthereisanunacceptableenvironmentalimpactlikelytoarisefromtheuseof thetreate

14、dtimberproduct. Suchariskassessmenthastoconsiderpotentialreleasestoallenvironmentalcompartments,namelyair,soil, surfacewater,groundwaterandsediment. Manyusesofwoodpreservativeproductsareintendedtoextendthenaturaldurabilitybasedexpectationofservice life,sometimesintheorderofseveraldecades. Itistheref

15、orenecessarytohaveameansofdeterminingnotonlyabsolutevaluesforpotentialemissionstothe environmentbutperhapsmoreimportantlythefluxes,orratesofemissionduringthecourseoftime.Theyshould berepresentative. Thatistosaytheyshouldrepresenttheemissionsfrominservicesizedpiecesoftreatedwood. Fluxratesandprofiles

16、canthenbeinsertedintomathematicalmodelsusuallybasedondefinedscenarios. Suchdeterminationsofemissionrateswillalsobeinvaluableinthedevelopmentofnewproductsbecausetheywill enabletheresearchertoidentifyearlyinthedevelopmentoftheproductwhethertherearepotentialproblemswith theproductinitsareasofintendedus

17、e. Itisquiteimpracticaltomimicallofthebioticandabioticfactorspresentthenaturalenvironmentinthelaboratory. Ithastobedecidedifameanscanbefoundwhichwilltakeintoaccountasmanyaspossibleofthesefactors togetherwiththelargevariationinclimateandsocioeconomicfactorspresentinEurope.Isitpossibletoconceive ofa“s

18、urrogate”environmentintowhichtodetermineemissions? IfitisbelievedthatthereisapotentialforcreatingENstandardsinthisareaitisvitalthatthemethodscanbe reproducedinanysuitablyequippedlaboratory,whethergovernment,instituteorindustry.Themethodsshould alsonotbecostly,butmustbecosteffective. Havingproducedan

19、emissionthisshouldthenbecharacterised.Thismightbethroughchemicalanalysisofthe activesubstances,substancesofconcernandrelevantmetabolites;orbysomeothertestswhichcanindicate ecotoxicologicaleffects,forexamplesocalled“souptesting”.Thenextstepswouldbetoidentifytheenvironment belongingtothetreatedcompone

20、ntandtocharacterisethephysicalchemicalbehaviouroftheactivesubstances, substancesofconcernandrelevantmetabolitesinordergiveananswerabouttheirbioavailabilityinagiven environment. TheseaspectsarebeingconsideredbyotherexpertgroupsintheEUandtheOECDandshouldnotbeconsidered partoftheremitforCEN/TC38toprodu

21、cestandards. AnyproposedstandardsshouldalsotakeintoconsiderationoftheTechnicalGuidanceDocuments(currentlybeing revised)inplacefortheBiocidalproductsDirective(98/8/EC),andtheNewandExistingSubstancesRegulations PDCR14244:2001:44241RC(1002E) 5 1Scope ThisCENReportisintendedtostimulatediscussionofthetes

22、tparametersandthetestmethodologiestoachievea consensusofopinion.Thisshouldallowtestmethodsforemissionsfrompreservativetreatedwoodtobeprepared andtestedbeforetheybecomestandards.Thestandardswillallowcompetentauthoritiesandmanufacturersof woodpreservativestocomplywiththerequirementsoftheBiocideProduct

23、sDirective(BPD.) 2 Frameworkofcasesfordeterminationofneedsforemissiontestmethods Thefollowingmatrixhasbeenestablishedtakingintoaccountdifferentdocumentsandworks(see2to7 included). Theaimistotrytolinkthedifferentendusecategoriesfortreatedtimberinservice,withtheBiologicalHazard Classesononehandandthee

24、xposedenvironmentalcompartmentontheotherhand;throughthis,itispossibleto listthespecificcasesofemissionsfromtreatedtimbertotheenvironment(seeTable1). Table1Specificcasesofemissionsfromtreatedtimbertotheenvironment Targets Biological Hazard Classes Usecategoriesand typicalscenarios Exposed Environment

25、al Compartment Emissiondataneeded FirstExposed Nontargets Insects HC1 Internalnonstructural Bedroomfloor IndoorAir EmissiontoindoorAir Human Insects+ Fungi HC2 Internalstructural Roofingtimber IndoorAir EmissiontoindoorAir HumanEnvironment Indoorairorganisms (Bats) Insects+ Fungi HC3 Externalabovegr

26、oundand abovefreshwater Housecladding Fencerails Jettyplanks Soilbyrunoffrain water Freshwaterbyrunoff rainwater Leachingbyrainwater Leachatemigrationinto soil/surfacewater Environment Soilorganisms Freshwaterorganisms Insects+ Fungi HC4 a Externalingroundcontact TransmissionPole Fencepost Soilbyrun

27、offrain water Soilbydirectcontact Leachingbyrainwater+ Leachatemigrationinto soil+Directemissioninto soil Environment Soilorganisms b Externalinfreshwater contact Jettyinalake Poles SheetPilings Freshwaterbyrunoff rainwater Freshwaterbydirect contact Leachingbyrainwater+ Directemissionintowater Envi

28、ronment Freshwaterorganisms Groundwater Insects+ Fungi+ Marine borers HC5 Externalinseawater contact Seawaterbyrunoff rainwater Seawaterbydirect contact Leachingbyrainwater+ Directemissionintosea water Environment SeaWaterorganisms Therearetwowaystoapproachthequestionoftheneedforemissiondatatofeedin

29、theexposureassessment calculationsinthedifferentscenarios. Thefirstapproachwouldbetoconsidergloballytheemissionfromthecommoditytotheenvironmentwithoutany differentiationofallthemechanisms.Thiswouldmeantohaveonetestmethodforeachofthecommoditieslisted inthereferencescenarios;or,ifitispossibletodefinea

30、worstcasescenarioforeachusecategoryoramodel case,thenonetestmethodwouldbeneededforeachoftheusecategorieswheretheconditionsarestrongly different;onlymaybethecasesofHC1andHC2couldbecombined(emissionsfromwoodtoindoorair),aswell asHC4bandHC5wherethedifferenceisonlythekindofwater.Thisapproachlooksratherd

31、ifficulttohandlein asystematicwayofproducingemissiondata,asthelistoftestsneededmightchangeifscenariosarerevised. PDCR14244:2001:44241RC(1002E) 6 Thesecondapproachwouldbetoconsidereachpossiblemechanismofemissiontoobtainelementaryemission data,andthentocombinethese(sumup)tocalculatetheglobalemissionof

32、onecommoditytoagiven environmentalcompartmentinascenario. Inthissecondapproach,thelistoftypesofemissiondataneededisthefollowing: emissionfromtreatedwoodtoindoorair; leachingfromtreatedwoodbyrainwater; rainwaterleachatemigrationintosoil/water; directemissionfromwoodintosoil/groundwater; directemissio

33、nfromwoodintowater(freshwaterorseawater). 3 Reviewofmethodsofmeasurementofemissionsfrompreservativetreatedwood 3.1General Methodsarerequiredforthemeasurementofemissionsfrompreservativetreatedwoodinservice.Thisdocument reviewsanumberofmethodswhichhavebeenusedtomeasureemissionsfrompreservativetreatedw

34、oodunder laboratoryconditions.Thesemethodsdonotincludetestsusingsmallspecimensorsawdust,orformeasuring emissionsfromwoodduringdryingaftertreatment. ThemethodsareforwoodinserviceinbiologicalHC2toHC5,withexposuretotheenvironmentalcompartments ofair,soil,groundwaterbeneathsoil,freshwaterandseawater. 3.

35、2Air Itispossiblethattreatedwoodusedinabuildingcouldaffectair,indoorair,andtreatedwoodoutsidebuildings couldaffectoutdoorair.TheExistingSubstancesDirectiveusesavalueof0,01Paasthevapourpressure threshold.Belowthisvapourpressureasubstanceisnotconsideredtobevolatileandemissionstoairarenot consideredint

36、heriskassessment.Ifthesubstancehasavapourpressuregreaterthen0,01Pa,thesubstanceis consideredsufficientlyvolatiletoevaporateandproduceaconcentrationinair.Theeffectofthatconcentration shouldbeconsideredinariskassessment.Theconcentrationisusedinanequationwhichpredictsdepositionon tosurfacewaterandthere

37、sultingconcentrationinthesurfacewater(PredictedEnvironmentalConcentration) assessedfortherisktoaquaticorganismsbydividingthePECbythePNEC(PredictedNoEffectConcentration) fromanecotoxicologicaltestorganism(e.gLD 50 Daphnia). IfthePEC/PNECratioisgreaterthan1,thereisapotentialenvironmentalriskandthetier

38、edapproachallowsthe PECtobemeasured,ratherthancalculated.Asitisnotpossibletomeasuretheconcentrationinsurfacewater whichissolelyemittedfromtreatedwood,andtheemissionsfromtreatedwoodarelikelytobeaffectedbymany parameters,theactualemissionfromtreatedwoodcouldbemeasured. TheMetrecubeboxmethodhasbeenused

39、forthemeasurementofformaldehydeemissionfromwood.The principleofthetestisrealisticinthattreatedwoodcouldbeplacedinthechamberatadefinedtemperatureandair atadefinedflowratecanbepassedoverit.Anyvolatilematerialsatthetemperatureofthetestwillevaporateand passoutofthechamber.Theairwillthenhavetobetestedfor

40、itsenvironmentaleffects.Iftheactiveingredientcan beanalysed,thenitwillhavetobeextractedfromtheairandchemicallyanalysed.Theresultcanbeconvertedto anamountofactiveingredientemittedinmg/m 2 /day. Iftheactiveingredientcannotbeanalysed,orallofthesubstancesemittedfromthewoodneedtobeassessedfor theirenviro

41、nmentaleffect,andnotjusttheactiveingredientofthewoodpreservative,thentheoutletairwillhaveto beusedinatestwhichmeasurestheenvironmentaleffectofair.ItisprobablyoutsidethescopeofCENTC/38 WorkingGroup25tosuggestasuitabletest.TheOECDBiocidesprogrammeisconsideringmethodsof ecotoxicologicaltestingandarecon

42、sideringthisissue. PDCR14244:2001:44241RC(1002E) 7 Notethatthevapourpressureof0,01Paisthevapourpressureofthecomponents inthedrywood andnotofthe componentsinthetreatingsolution.Itisunlikelythatanyofthecomponentsofcurrentwoodpreservativesused indoorshavecomponentswhichhaveavapourpressureindrywoodofgre

43、aterthan0,01Pa,sothistestisunlikely toberequiredinsupportofawoodpreservativetocomplywiththedatarequirementsoftheBPD. MeyerandBoehme(1997)(see|13)determinedformaldehydeemissionfromsolidwoodusingaspecially designedchamberof1m 3 .Duringtesting,thetemperaturewas(231)Candtherelativehumiditywas (455)%.Theairexchangeratewasfixedat1h 1 .Thechamberwasloadedwithfoursolidwoodsamples measuring500mmby250mmby20mm,givingatotalsurfaceareacapableofemissionof1m 2 (neglectingthe edges).Thus,the