1、PUBLISHED DOCUMENT PD CR 14244:2001 Durability of wood and wood-based products Recommendations for measurement of emissions to the environment from treated wood in service ICS 79.020; 71.100.50 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWPD CR 14244:2001 This British Standa
2、rd, having been prepared under the direction of the Sector Policy and Strategy Committee for Building and Civil Engineering, was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 26 November 2001 BSI 26 November 2001 ISBN 0 580 38711 9 National foreword This Published D
3、ocument reproduces verbatim CR 14244:2001. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee B/515, Wood preservation, which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The B
4、ritish Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Find” facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue. A Bri
5、tish Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present
6、to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an insi
7、de front cover, CR title page, pages 2 to 15 and a back cover. The BSI copyright date displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsCENREPORT RAPPORTCEN CENBERICHT CR14244 October2001 ICS Englishversion Durabilityofw
8、oodandwoodbasedproducts Recommendationsformeasurementofemissionstothe environmentfromtreatedwoodinservice ThisCENReportwasapprovedbyCENon6July2001.IthasbeendrawnupbytheTechnicalCommitteeCEN/TC38. CENmembersarethenationalstandardsbodiesofAustria,Belgium,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Finland,France,Germany,Gr
9、eece, Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Luxembourg,Netherlands,Norway,Portugal,Spain,Sweden,SwitzerlandandUnitedKingdom. EUROPEANCOMMITTEEFORSTANDARDIZATION COMITEUROPENDENORMALISATION EUROPISCHESKOMITEEFRNORMUNG ManagementCentre:ruedeStassart,36B1050Brussels 2001CEN Allrightsofexploitationinanyformandbyanymean
10、sreserved worldwideforCENnationalMembers. Ref.No.CR14244:2001E PDCR14244:2001:44241RC(1002E) 2 Contents Foreword3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 5 2 Frameworkofcasesfordeterminationofneedsforemissiontestmethods5 3 Reviewofmethodsofmeasurementofemissionsfrompreservativetreatedwood .6 4 Characteristicsofreal
11、isticemissiontestmethods 11 Bibliography 14 PDCR14244:2001:44241RC(1002E) 3 Foreword ThisdocumenthasbeenpreparedbyCEN/TC38,“Durabilityofwoodandwoodbasedproducts“,thesecretariat ofwhichisheldbyAFNOR. ThestatusofthisdocumentasCENReporthasbeenchosenbecausethemostofitscontentisareviewof methodsofmeasure
12、mentofemissionsfrompreservativetreatedwoodinordertostimulatethediscussionofthe testparametersandthetestmethodsforemissionstoberetained. PDCR14244:2001:44241RC(1002E) 4 Introduction Theregulatorycontrolofbiocidesandbiocidalproducts(asdefinedundertheUEDirective98/8/EC,including woodpreservatives,requi
13、resincreasingamountsofenvironmentallyrelatedinformationonwhichtobase decisions. Inthecaseofwoodpreservatives(producttype8)thisincludestheprovisionofdataconcerningwoodpreservative treatedarticles. Thisdataisusedtoassesswhetherthereisanunacceptableenvironmentalimpactlikelytoarisefromtheuseof thetreate
14、dtimberproduct. Suchariskassessmenthastoconsiderpotentialreleasestoallenvironmentalcompartments,namelyair,soil, surfacewater,groundwaterandsediment. Manyusesofwoodpreservativeproductsareintendedtoextendthenaturaldurabilitybasedexpectationofservice life,sometimesintheorderofseveraldecades. Itistheref
15、orenecessarytohaveameansofdeterminingnotonlyabsolutevaluesforpotentialemissionstothe environmentbutperhapsmoreimportantlythefluxes,orratesofemissionduringthecourseoftime.Theyshould berepresentative. Thatistosaytheyshouldrepresenttheemissionsfrominservicesizedpiecesoftreatedwood. Fluxratesandprofiles
16、canthenbeinsertedintomathematicalmodelsusuallybasedondefinedscenarios. Suchdeterminationsofemissionrateswillalsobeinvaluableinthedevelopmentofnewproductsbecausetheywill enabletheresearchertoidentifyearlyinthedevelopmentoftheproductwhethertherearepotentialproblemswith theproductinitsareasofintendedus
17、e. Itisquiteimpracticaltomimicallofthebioticandabioticfactorspresentthenaturalenvironmentinthelaboratory. Ithastobedecidedifameanscanbefoundwhichwilltakeintoaccountasmanyaspossibleofthesefactors togetherwiththelargevariationinclimateandsocioeconomicfactorspresentinEurope.Isitpossibletoconceive ofa“s
18、urrogate”environmentintowhichtodetermineemissions? IfitisbelievedthatthereisapotentialforcreatingENstandardsinthisareaitisvitalthatthemethodscanbe reproducedinanysuitablyequippedlaboratory,whethergovernment,instituteorindustry.Themethodsshould alsonotbecostly,butmustbecosteffective. Havingproducedan
19、emissionthisshouldthenbecharacterised.Thismightbethroughchemicalanalysisofthe activesubstances,substancesofconcernandrelevantmetabolites;orbysomeothertestswhichcanindicate ecotoxicologicaleffects,forexamplesocalled“souptesting”.Thenextstepswouldbetoidentifytheenvironment belongingtothetreatedcompone
20、ntandtocharacterisethephysicalchemicalbehaviouroftheactivesubstances, substancesofconcernandrelevantmetabolitesinordergiveananswerabouttheirbioavailabilityinagiven environment. TheseaspectsarebeingconsideredbyotherexpertgroupsintheEUandtheOECDandshouldnotbeconsidered partoftheremitforCEN/TC38toprodu
21、cestandards. AnyproposedstandardsshouldalsotakeintoconsiderationoftheTechnicalGuidanceDocuments(currentlybeing revised)inplacefortheBiocidalproductsDirective(98/8/EC),andtheNewandExistingSubstancesRegulations PDCR14244:2001:44241RC(1002E) 5 1Scope ThisCENReportisintendedtostimulatediscussionofthetes
22、tparametersandthetestmethodologiestoachievea consensusofopinion.Thisshouldallowtestmethodsforemissionsfrompreservativetreatedwoodtobeprepared andtestedbeforetheybecomestandards.Thestandardswillallowcompetentauthoritiesandmanufacturersof woodpreservativestocomplywiththerequirementsoftheBiocideProduct
23、sDirective(BPD.) 2 Frameworkofcasesfordeterminationofneedsforemissiontestmethods Thefollowingmatrixhasbeenestablishedtakingintoaccountdifferentdocumentsandworks(see2to7 included). Theaimistotrytolinkthedifferentendusecategoriesfortreatedtimberinservice,withtheBiologicalHazard Classesononehandandthee
24、xposedenvironmentalcompartmentontheotherhand;throughthis,itispossibleto listthespecificcasesofemissionsfromtreatedtimbertotheenvironment(seeTable1). Table1Specificcasesofemissionsfromtreatedtimbertotheenvironment Targets Biological Hazard Classes Usecategoriesand typicalscenarios Exposed Environment
25、al Compartment Emissiondataneeded FirstExposed Nontargets Insects HC1 Internalnonstructural Bedroomfloor IndoorAir EmissiontoindoorAir Human Insects+ Fungi HC2 Internalstructural Roofingtimber IndoorAir EmissiontoindoorAir HumanEnvironment Indoorairorganisms (Bats) Insects+ Fungi HC3 Externalabovegr
26、oundand abovefreshwater Housecladding Fencerails Jettyplanks Soilbyrunoffrain water Freshwaterbyrunoff rainwater Leachingbyrainwater Leachatemigrationinto soil/surfacewater Environment Soilorganisms Freshwaterorganisms Insects+ Fungi HC4 a Externalingroundcontact TransmissionPole Fencepost Soilbyrun
27、offrain water Soilbydirectcontact Leachingbyrainwater+ Leachatemigrationinto soil+Directemissioninto soil Environment Soilorganisms b Externalinfreshwater contact Jettyinalake Poles SheetPilings Freshwaterbyrunoff rainwater Freshwaterbydirect contact Leachingbyrainwater+ Directemissionintowater Envi
28、ronment Freshwaterorganisms Groundwater Insects+ Fungi+ Marine borers HC5 Externalinseawater contact Seawaterbyrunoff rainwater Seawaterbydirect contact Leachingbyrainwater+ Directemissionintosea water Environment SeaWaterorganisms Therearetwowaystoapproachthequestionoftheneedforemissiondatatofeedin
29、theexposureassessment calculationsinthedifferentscenarios. Thefirstapproachwouldbetoconsidergloballytheemissionfromthecommoditytotheenvironmentwithoutany differentiationofallthemechanisms.Thiswouldmeantohaveonetestmethodforeachofthecommoditieslisted inthereferencescenarios;or,ifitispossibletodefinea
30、worstcasescenarioforeachusecategoryoramodel case,thenonetestmethodwouldbeneededforeachoftheusecategorieswheretheconditionsarestrongly different;onlymaybethecasesofHC1andHC2couldbecombined(emissionsfromwoodtoindoorair),aswell asHC4bandHC5wherethedifferenceisonlythekindofwater.Thisapproachlooksratherd
31、ifficulttohandlein asystematicwayofproducingemissiondata,asthelistoftestsneededmightchangeifscenariosarerevised. PDCR14244:2001:44241RC(1002E) 6 Thesecondapproachwouldbetoconsidereachpossiblemechanismofemissiontoobtainelementaryemission data,andthentocombinethese(sumup)tocalculatetheglobalemissionof
32、onecommoditytoagiven environmentalcompartmentinascenario. Inthissecondapproach,thelistoftypesofemissiondataneededisthefollowing: emissionfromtreatedwoodtoindoorair; leachingfromtreatedwoodbyrainwater; rainwaterleachatemigrationintosoil/water; directemissionfromwoodintosoil/groundwater; directemissio
33、nfromwoodintowater(freshwaterorseawater). 3 Reviewofmethodsofmeasurementofemissionsfrompreservativetreatedwood 3.1General Methodsarerequiredforthemeasurementofemissionsfrompreservativetreatedwoodinservice.Thisdocument reviewsanumberofmethodswhichhavebeenusedtomeasureemissionsfrompreservativetreatedw
34、oodunder laboratoryconditions.Thesemethodsdonotincludetestsusingsmallspecimensorsawdust,orformeasuring emissionsfromwoodduringdryingaftertreatment. ThemethodsareforwoodinserviceinbiologicalHC2toHC5,withexposuretotheenvironmentalcompartments ofair,soil,groundwaterbeneathsoil,freshwaterandseawater. 3.
35、2Air Itispossiblethattreatedwoodusedinabuildingcouldaffectair,indoorair,andtreatedwoodoutsidebuildings couldaffectoutdoorair.TheExistingSubstancesDirectiveusesavalueof0,01Paasthevapourpressure threshold.Belowthisvapourpressureasubstanceisnotconsideredtobevolatileandemissionstoairarenot consideredint
36、heriskassessment.Ifthesubstancehasavapourpressuregreaterthen0,01Pa,thesubstanceis consideredsufficientlyvolatiletoevaporateandproduceaconcentrationinair.Theeffectofthatconcentration shouldbeconsideredinariskassessment.Theconcentrationisusedinanequationwhichpredictsdepositionon tosurfacewaterandthere
37、sultingconcentrationinthesurfacewater(PredictedEnvironmentalConcentration) assessedfortherisktoaquaticorganismsbydividingthePECbythePNEC(PredictedNoEffectConcentration) fromanecotoxicologicaltestorganism(e.gLD 50 Daphnia). IfthePEC/PNECratioisgreaterthan1,thereisapotentialenvironmentalriskandthetier
38、edapproachallowsthe PECtobemeasured,ratherthancalculated.Asitisnotpossibletomeasuretheconcentrationinsurfacewater whichissolelyemittedfromtreatedwood,andtheemissionsfromtreatedwoodarelikelytobeaffectedbymany parameters,theactualemissionfromtreatedwoodcouldbemeasured. TheMetrecubeboxmethodhasbeenused
39、forthemeasurementofformaldehydeemissionfromwood.The principleofthetestisrealisticinthattreatedwoodcouldbeplacedinthechamberatadefinedtemperatureandair atadefinedflowratecanbepassedoverit.Anyvolatilematerialsatthetemperatureofthetestwillevaporateand passoutofthechamber.Theairwillthenhavetobetestedfor
40、itsenvironmentaleffects.Iftheactiveingredientcan beanalysed,thenitwillhavetobeextractedfromtheairandchemicallyanalysed.Theresultcanbeconvertedto anamountofactiveingredientemittedinmg/m 2 /day. Iftheactiveingredientcannotbeanalysed,orallofthesubstancesemittedfromthewoodneedtobeassessedfor theirenviro
41、nmentaleffect,andnotjusttheactiveingredientofthewoodpreservative,thentheoutletairwillhaveto beusedinatestwhichmeasurestheenvironmentaleffectofair.ItisprobablyoutsidethescopeofCENTC/38 WorkingGroup25tosuggestasuitabletest.TheOECDBiocidesprogrammeisconsideringmethodsof ecotoxicologicaltestingandarecon
42、sideringthisissue. PDCR14244:2001:44241RC(1002E) 7 Notethatthevapourpressureof0,01Paisthevapourpressureofthecomponents inthedrywood andnotofthe componentsinthetreatingsolution.Itisunlikelythatanyofthecomponentsofcurrentwoodpreservativesused indoorshavecomponentswhichhaveavapourpressureindrywoodofgre
43、aterthan0,01Pa,sothistestisunlikely toberequiredinsupportofawoodpreservativetocomplywiththedatarequirementsoftheBPD. MeyerandBoehme(1997)(see|13)determinedformaldehydeemissionfromsolidwoodusingaspecially designedchamberof1m 3 .Duringtesting,thetemperaturewas(231)Candtherelativehumiditywas (455)%.Theairexchangeratewasfixedat1h 1 .Thechamberwasloadedwithfoursolidwoodsamples measuring500mmby250mmby20mm,givingatotalsurfaceareacapableofemissionof1m 2 (neglectingthe edges).Thus,the
