EN 12681-2003 en Founding Radiographic examination《铸造 射线超声检验》.pdf

1、BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 12681:2003 Founding Radiographic examination The European Standard EN 12681:2003 has the status of a British Standard ICS 77.040.20 BS EN 12681:2003 This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 4 February 2003 BSI 4

2、February 2003 ISBN 0 580 41201 6 National foreword This British Standard is the official English language version of EN 12681:2003. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee ISE/NFE/9, Foundry technology, which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations rep

3、resented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Inde

4、x”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself conf

5、er immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulga

6、te them in the UK. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page, pages 2 to 22, an inside back cover and a back cover. The BSI copyright date displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publicatio

7、n Amd. No. Date CommentsEUROPEANSTANDARD NORMEEUROPENNE EUROPISCHENORM EN12681 January2003 ICS77.040.20 Englishversion FoundingRadiographicexamination FonderieContrleparradiographie GieereiwesenDurchstrahlungsprfung ThisEuropeanStandardwasapprovedbyCENon21November2002. CENmembersareboundtocomplywith

8、theCEN/CENELECInternalRegulationswhichstipulatetheconditionsforgivingthisEurope an Standardthestatusofanationalstandardwithoutanyalteration.Uptodatelistsandbibliographicalreferencesconcernings uchnational standardsmaybeobtainedonapplicationtotheManagementCentreortoanyCENmember. ThisEuropeanStandarde

9、xistsinthreeofficialversions(English,French,German).Aversioninanyotherlanguagemadebytra nslation undertheresponsibilityofaCENmemberintoitsownlanguageandnotifiedtotheManagementCentrehasthesamestatusasthe official versions. CENmembersarethenationalstandardsbodiesofAustria,Belgium,CzechRepublic,Denmark

10、,Finland,France,Germany,Greece, Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Norway,Portugal,Slovakia,Spain,Sweden,SwitzerlandandUn ited Kingdom. EUROPEANCOMMITTEEFORSTANDARDIZATION COMITEUROPENDENORMALISATION EUROPISCHESKOMITEEFRNORMUNG ManagementCentre:ruedeStassart,36B1050Brussels 2

11、003CEN Allrightsofexploitationinanyformandbyanymeansreserved worldwideforCENnationalMembers. Ref.No.EN12681:2003EEN12681:2003(E) 2 Contents page Foreword3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 5 2 Normativereferences 5 3 Termsanddefinitions. .6 4 General6 4.1 Protectionagainstionizingradiations .6 4.2 Generalrequ

12、irements 6 4.3 Agreements 6 4.4 Personnelqualification . 7 5 Examinationarrangements .7 5.1 General7 5.2 Singlewallradiographyofplaneareas .7 5.3 Singlewallradiographyofcurvedareas. 7 5.4 Doublewallradiographyofplaneandcurvedareas. .7 5.5 Choiceofexaminationarrangementsforcomplexgeometries8 5.6 Acce

13、ptableexaminationareadimensions 8 5.7 Explanationofsymbolsusedinthefigures .8 6 Choiceofradiationsource 13 7 Specificfilmsystemclasses 14 8 Techniquesforincreasingthecoveredthicknessrange 1 4 8.1 General14 8.2 Multiplefilmtechnique . .15 8.3 Contrastdecreasingbyhigherradiationenergy 15 8.4 Beamharde

14、ning .16 8.5 Thicknessequalization 16 9 Radiographs .16 9.1 Identificationofradiograph,examinedarea,filmpositionplan . 16 9.2 Markingofthetestareas. 16 9.3 Overlapoffilms 16 10 Verificationofimagequality .16 11 Radiographdensityrequirements 17 12 Influenceofcrystallinestructure . 17 AnnexA (informat

15、ive) PossiblediscontinuitiesincastingsReferenceradiographsanddesignation .18 Bibliography 22EN12681:2003(E) 3 Foreword Thisdocument(EN12681:2003)hasbeenpreparedbyTechnicalCommitteeCEN/TC190“FoundryTechnology“, thesecretariatofwhichisheldbyDIN. ThisEuropeanStandardshallbegiventhestatusofanationalstan

16、dard,eitherbypublicationofanidenticaltextor byendorsement,atthelatestbyJuly2003,andconflictingnationalstandardsshallbewithdrawnatthelatestby July2003. Withinitsprogrammeofwork,TechnicalCommitteeCEN/TC190requestedCEN/TC190/WG4.10“Innerdefects“ topreparethefollowingstandard: EN12681, FoundingRadiograp

17、hicexamination. AnnexAisinformative. AccordingtotheCEN/CENELECInternalRegulations,thenationalstandardsorganizationsofthefollowing countriesareboundtoimplementthisEuropeanStandard:Austria,Belgium,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Finland, France,Germany,Greece,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,N

18、orway,Portugal,Spain, Sweden,SwitzerlandandtheUnitedKingdom.EN12681:2003(E) 4 Introduction Radiographycanbeusedtodetectinternaldiscontinuitiesinacasting.Thediscontinuitiescanbegascavities, nonmetallicinclusions,shrinkage,cracks,chapletsorchillsorinclusionsthathavelowerorhigherdensitiesthan theparent

19、metal.EN12681:2003(E) 5 1Scope ThisEuropeanStandardgivesspecificproceduresforindustrialXradiationandgammaradiographyfor discontinuitydetectionpurposes,usingfilmtechniques.Theseproceduresareapplicabletocastingsproducedby anycastingprocess,especiallyforsteel,castiron,magnesium,zinc,copper,nickel,alumi

20、nium,titaniumandany alloysofthem. ThisEuropeanStandarddoesnotapplyto: thetestingofweldedjoints; acceptance criteria; radioscopy(realtimeinspection). 2 Normativereferences ThisEuropeanStandardincorporatesbydatedorundatedreference,provisionsfromotherpublications.These normativereferencesarecitedatthea

21、ppropriateplacesinthetext,andthepublicationsarelistedhereafter.For datedreferences,subsequentamendmentstoorrevisionsofanyofthesepublicationsapplytothisEuropean Standardonlywhenincorporatedinitbyamendmentorrevision.Forundatedreferencesthelatesteditionofthe publicationreferredtoapplies(includingamendm

22、ents). EN444:1994, NondestructivetestingGeneralprinciplesforradiographicexaminationofmetallicmaterialsbyX andgammarays. EN4621, NondestructivetestingImagequalityofradiographsPart1:Imagequalityindicators(wiretype) Determinationofimagequalityvalue. EN4622, NondestructivetestingImagequalityofradiograph

23、sPart2:Imagequalityindicators(step/hole type)Determinationofimagequalityvalue. EN4623, NondestructivetestingImagequalityofradiographsPart3:Imagequalityclassesforferrous metals. EN4624, NondestructivetestingImagequalityofradiographsPart4:Experimentalevaluationofimage qualityvaluesandimagequalitytable

24、s. EN25580, NondestructivetestingIndustrialradiographicilluminatorsMinimumrequirements(ISO5580: 1985). NOTE Informativereferencestodocumentsusedinthepreparationofthisstandard,andcitedattheappropriateplacesin thetext,arelistedinthebibliography.EN12681:2003(E) 6 3 Termsanddefinitions Forthepurposesoft

25、hisEuropeanStandardthetermsanddefinitionsgiveninEN444:1994apply. 4General 4.1 Protectionagainstionizingradiations Local,nationalorinternationalsafetyprecautionsshallbestrictlyapplied,whenusingionizingradiation. WARNING:ExposureofanypartofthehumanbodytoXraysorgammarayscanbehighlyinjuriousto health. 4

26、.2 Generalrequirements ThisEuropeanStandardshallbeusedincombinationwithEN444. ExaminationreportsshallbemadeaccordingtoEN444. 4.3Agreements Castingswithacomplexgeometrycanincludeareaswhichcannotberadiographicallyinspectedorcanonlybe partlyinspected.Suchareasshallbeidentifiedbeforestartingtheradiograp

27、hicexamination.Areaswhichcannot beradiographiclyinspectedshallbenotedbyallcontractingpartiesandbemarkedonthefilmpositionplan. Thefollowingitemsshallbeagreed: a)manufacturing stage; b) extentofexamination; c)examination areas; d)surface condition; e) testclassaccordingtoEN444 1) ; f) informationabout

28、thefilmpositionplan; g) markingofexaminationareasonthecasting; h) imagequalityvalueaccordingtoEN4623andEN4624; i) markingofthefilms; j)acceptance criteria. Anyadditionalitemsshallbeagreedbetweenthecontractingparties. Radiographsshallbeevaluatedbycomparisontoreferenceradiographs. 1) Itisrecommendedto

29、performtheexaminationaccordingtoEN444testclassA,ifnototherwisespecified. Foralloyshavingadensityoflessthan5kg/dm 3 ,testclassBisrecommended.EN12681:2003(E) 7 NOTE AselectionofcorrespondingreferenceradiographsformaterialsandthicknessrangesisgiveninannexA. 4.4Personnel qualification Itisassumedthatrad

30、iographicexaminationisperformedbyqualifiedandcapablepersonnel.Inordertoprovethis qualification,itisrecommendedtocertifypersonnelinaccordancewithEN473. 5 Examinationarrangements 5.1General Theexaminationarrangementstobeusedshallbeinaccordancewith: Figures1to6fortestareasofsimplesection; Figure7fordou

31、blewallradiography; Figures8to12fortestareasofcomplexsection. Ifthesearrangementsarenotapplicable,otherarrangementsmaybeused. 5.2 Singlewallradiographyofplaneareas TheexaminationarrangementforsinglewallradiographyofplaneareasshallbeinaccordancewithFigure1. 5.3 Singlewallradiographyofcurvedareas Thet

32、estarrangementforsinglewallradiographyofcurvedareasshallbeinaccordancewitheitherFigures2,3 or4. NOTE Ifpossible,thesourceofradiationshouldbeplacedinaccordancewiththearrangementsshowninFigures3and4 toachieveamoresuitabledirectionofexamination.Thereductioninminimumsourcetoobjectdistanceshouldnotbegrea

33、ter than40%providedthattheimagequalityrequirementsaremet.EN444:1994,6.6shouldbetakenintoaccount. Whenthesourceislocatedcentrallyinsidetheobjectandthefilmoutside(techniqueshowninFigure4)andprovidedthatthe IQIrequirementsaremet,thispercentagecanbeincreased.However,itisrecommendedthatthereductioninmini

34、mumsource toobjectdistanceisnotgreaterthan50%.Rigidcassettescanbeusedifthecorrespondingincreaseof bisconsideredforthe calculationofthedistance fbetweenthesourceandsourcesideofthetestobject. 5.4 Doublewallradiographyofplaneandcurvedareas Theexaminationarrangementfordoublewallradiographyofplaneandcurv

35、edareasshallbeinaccordancewith eitherFigure5,6or7. Doublewallradiographyshallbeused,asanoverviewtechniqueaccordingtoFigure 7,ifthegeometrical conditionsmakeotherexaminationarrangementsdifficulttoapplyorifthereisabettersensitivityfordetecting discontinuitiesbyusingthistechnique.Itshallbeassuredthatun

36、acceptablediscontinuitiesaredetectedwith sufficientcertainty.Therequiredimagequalityshallbemet. InthecaseofexaminationarrangementsaccordingtoFigures6and7,thediscontinuitiesshallbeclassifiedwith referencetothesinglewallthickness.Inthecaseofdifferentwallthicknessesthereferenceshallbethesmaller one. In

37、thecaseofexaminationarrangementsaccordingtoFigure5,thedistanceofthesourcefromthesurfaceofthe areaunderexaminationshallbeminimizedprovidedthattherequirementsofIQIaremet.EN12681:2003(E) 8 5.5 Choiceofexaminationarrangementsforcomplexgeometries Unlessotherwiseagreed,theexaminationarrangementsforcomplex

38、geometryareasshallbeinaccordancewith Figures8to12(asappropriate). 5.6 Acceptableexaminationareadimensions InadditiontotherequirementsgiveninEN444,theangleofincidentradiationshallnotexceed30 . NOTE Thisvaluecanbelarger,ifspecialorientationsofdiscontinuitiescanbedetectedinthiswayorifitistheonlywayt o

39、testareasotherwiseimpossibletotest. 5.7 Explanationofsymbolsusedinthefigures InFigure1,thefollowingsymbolsapply: Q isthesourceofradiation; t isthenominalthicknessofthematerialintheregionunderexamination; b isthedistancebetweentheradiationsideofthetestobjectsideandthefilmsurfacemeasuredalongthe centr

40、alaxisoftheradiationbeam; B istheradiographicfilm; f isthedistancebetweenthesourceofradiationandthesourcesideofthetestobjectmeasuredalongthe centralaxisoftheradiationbeam; w isthethicknessofmaterialinthedirectionoftheradiationbeamcalculatedonthebasisofthenominal thickness(seeclause6).Iftheactualthic

41、knessofthematerialdeviatesfromthenominalonebymorethan 10%,theactualwallthicknessshallbeused(see tand W). InFigures2to12,thesymbolsgiveninFigure1applyaccordingly. Figure1ExaminationarrangementforsinglewallradiographyofplaneareasEN12681:2003(E) 9 Figure2Examinationarrangementforsinglewallradiographyof

42、curvedareaswiththesource ontheconvexsideandthefilmontheconcavesideoftheareaunderexamination Figure3Examinationarrangementforsinglewallradiographyofcurvedareas witheccentricpositioningofthesourceontheconcavesideandthefilmontheconvexside oftheareaunderexamination Figure4Examinationarrangementforsingle

43、wallradiographyofcurvedareaswithcentral positioningofthesourceontheconcavesideandthefilmontheconvexsideofthe areaunderexaminationEN12681:2003(E) 10 Figure5Examinationarrangementfordoublewallradiographyofplaneorcurvedareasunder examination;sourceandfilmoutsidethetestarea,onlythefilmsidewallimagedforinterpretation Figure6Examinationarrangementfordoublewallradiographyofplaneorcurvedareasunder examination;severalexposures;sourceandfilmoutsideofthetestarea;both