1、BRITISH STANDARD BS EN 12681:2003 Founding Radiographic examination The European Standard EN 12681:2003 has the status of a British Standard ICS 77.040.20 BS EN 12681:2003 This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 4 February 2003 BSI 4
2、February 2003 ISBN 0 580 41201 6 National foreword This British Standard is the official English language version of EN 12681:2003. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee ISE/NFE/9, Foundry technology, which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations rep
3、resented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international or European publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Inde
4、x”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself conf
5、er immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulga
6、te them in the UK. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page, pages 2 to 22, an inside back cover and a back cover. The BSI copyright date displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publicatio
7、n Amd. No. Date CommentsEUROPEANSTANDARD NORMEEUROPENNE EUROPISCHENORM EN12681 January2003 ICS77.040.20 Englishversion FoundingRadiographicexamination FonderieContrleparradiographie GieereiwesenDurchstrahlungsprfung ThisEuropeanStandardwasapprovedbyCENon21November2002. CENmembersareboundtocomplywith
8、theCEN/CENELECInternalRegulationswhichstipulatetheconditionsforgivingthisEurope an Standardthestatusofanationalstandardwithoutanyalteration.Uptodatelistsandbibliographicalreferencesconcernings uchnational standardsmaybeobtainedonapplicationtotheManagementCentreortoanyCENmember. ThisEuropeanStandarde
9、xistsinthreeofficialversions(English,French,German).Aversioninanyotherlanguagemadebytra nslation undertheresponsibilityofaCENmemberintoitsownlanguageandnotifiedtotheManagementCentrehasthesamestatusasthe official versions. CENmembersarethenationalstandardsbodiesofAustria,Belgium,CzechRepublic,Denmark
10、Finland,France,Germany,Greece, Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Norway,Portugal,Slovakia,Spain,Sweden,SwitzerlandandUn ited Kingdom. EUROPEANCOMMITTEEFORSTANDARDIZATION COMITEUROPENDENORMALISATION EUROPISCHESKOMITEEFRNORMUNG ManagementCentre:ruedeStassart,36B1050Brussels 2
11、003CEN Allrightsofexploitationinanyformandbyanymeansreserved worldwideforCENnationalMembers. Ref.No.EN12681:2003EEN12681:2003(E) 2 Contents page Foreword3 Introduction .4 1 Scope 5 2 Normativereferences 5 3 Termsanddefinitions. .6 4 General6 4.1 Protectionagainstionizingradiations .6 4.2 Generalrequ
12、irements 6 4.3 Agreements 6 4.4 Personnelqualification . 7 5 Examinationarrangements .7 5.1 General7 5.2 Singlewallradiographyofplaneareas .7 5.3 Singlewallradiographyofcurvedareas. 7 5.4 Doublewallradiographyofplaneandcurvedareas. .7 5.5 Choiceofexaminationarrangementsforcomplexgeometries8 5.6 Acce
13、ptableexaminationareadimensions 8 5.7 Explanationofsymbolsusedinthefigures .8 6 Choiceofradiationsource 13 7 Specificfilmsystemclasses 14 8 Techniquesforincreasingthecoveredthicknessrange 1 4 8.1 General14 8.2 Multiplefilmtechnique . .15 8.3 Contrastdecreasingbyhigherradiationenergy 15 8.4 Beamharde
14、ning .16 8.5 Thicknessequalization 16 9 Radiographs .16 9.1 Identificationofradiograph,examinedarea,filmpositionplan . 16 9.2 Markingofthetestareas. 16 9.3 Overlapoffilms 16 10 Verificationofimagequality .16 11 Radiographdensityrequirements 17 12 Influenceofcrystallinestructure . 17 AnnexA (informat
15、ive) PossiblediscontinuitiesincastingsReferenceradiographsanddesignation .18 Bibliography 22EN12681:2003(E) 3 Foreword Thisdocument(EN12681:2003)hasbeenpreparedbyTechnicalCommitteeCEN/TC190“FoundryTechnology“, thesecretariatofwhichisheldbyDIN. ThisEuropeanStandardshallbegiventhestatusofanationalstan
16、dard,eitherbypublicationofanidenticaltextor byendorsement,atthelatestbyJuly2003,andconflictingnationalstandardsshallbewithdrawnatthelatestby July2003. Withinitsprogrammeofwork,TechnicalCommitteeCEN/TC190requestedCEN/TC190/WG4.10“Innerdefects“ topreparethefollowingstandard: EN12681, FoundingRadiograp
17、hicexamination. AnnexAisinformative. AccordingtotheCEN/CENELECInternalRegulations,thenationalstandardsorganizationsofthefollowing countriesareboundtoimplementthisEuropeanStandard:Austria,Belgium,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Finland, France,Germany,Greece,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,N
18、orway,Portugal,Spain, Sweden,SwitzerlandandtheUnitedKingdom.EN12681:2003(E) 4 Introduction Radiographycanbeusedtodetectinternaldiscontinuitiesinacasting.Thediscontinuitiescanbegascavities, nonmetallicinclusions,shrinkage,cracks,chapletsorchillsorinclusionsthathavelowerorhigherdensitiesthan theparent
19、metal.EN12681:2003(E) 5 1Scope ThisEuropeanStandardgivesspecificproceduresforindustrialXradiationandgammaradiographyfor discontinuitydetectionpurposes,usingfilmtechniques.Theseproceduresareapplicabletocastingsproducedby anycastingprocess,especiallyforsteel,castiron,magnesium,zinc,copper,nickel,alumi
20、nium,titaniumandany alloysofthem. ThisEuropeanStandarddoesnotapplyto: thetestingofweldedjoints; acceptance criteria; radioscopy(realtimeinspection). 2 Normativereferences ThisEuropeanStandardincorporatesbydatedorundatedreference,provisionsfromotherpublications.These normativereferencesarecitedatthea
21、ppropriateplacesinthetext,andthepublicationsarelistedhereafter.For datedreferences,subsequentamendmentstoorrevisionsofanyofthesepublicationsapplytothisEuropean Standardonlywhenincorporatedinitbyamendmentorrevision.Forundatedreferencesthelatesteditionofthe publicationreferredtoapplies(includingamendm
22、ents). EN444:1994, NondestructivetestingGeneralprinciplesforradiographicexaminationofmetallicmaterialsbyX andgammarays. EN4621, NondestructivetestingImagequalityofradiographsPart1:Imagequalityindicators(wiretype) Determinationofimagequalityvalue. EN4622, NondestructivetestingImagequalityofradiograph
23、sPart2:Imagequalityindicators(step/hole type)Determinationofimagequalityvalue. EN4623, NondestructivetestingImagequalityofradiographsPart3:Imagequalityclassesforferrous metals. EN4624, NondestructivetestingImagequalityofradiographsPart4:Experimentalevaluationofimage qualityvaluesandimagequalitytable
24、s. EN25580, NondestructivetestingIndustrialradiographicilluminatorsMinimumrequirements(ISO5580: 1985). NOTE Informativereferencestodocumentsusedinthepreparationofthisstandard,andcitedattheappropriateplacesin thetext,arelistedinthebibliography.EN12681:2003(E) 6 3 Termsanddefinitions Forthepurposesoft
25、hisEuropeanStandardthetermsanddefinitionsgiveninEN444:1994apply. 4General 4.1 Protectionagainstionizingradiations Local,nationalorinternationalsafetyprecautionsshallbestrictlyapplied,whenusingionizingradiation. WARNING:ExposureofanypartofthehumanbodytoXraysorgammarayscanbehighlyinjuriousto health. 4
26、2 Generalrequirements ThisEuropeanStandardshallbeusedincombinationwithEN444. ExaminationreportsshallbemadeaccordingtoEN444. 4.3Agreements Castingswithacomplexgeometrycanincludeareaswhichcannotberadiographicallyinspectedorcanonlybe partlyinspected.Suchareasshallbeidentifiedbeforestartingtheradiograp
27、hicexamination.Areaswhichcannot beradiographiclyinspectedshallbenotedbyallcontractingpartiesandbemarkedonthefilmpositionplan. Thefollowingitemsshallbeagreed: a)manufacturing stage; b) extentofexamination; c)examination areas; d)surface condition; e) testclassaccordingtoEN444 1) ; f) informationabout
28、thefilmpositionplan; g) markingofexaminationareasonthecasting; h) imagequalityvalueaccordingtoEN4623andEN4624; i) markingofthefilms; j)acceptance criteria. Anyadditionalitemsshallbeagreedbetweenthecontractingparties. Radiographsshallbeevaluatedbycomparisontoreferenceradiographs. 1) Itisrecommendedto
29、performtheexaminationaccordingtoEN444testclassA,ifnototherwisespecified. Foralloyshavingadensityoflessthan5kg/dm 3 ,testclassBisrecommended.EN12681:2003(E) 7 NOTE AselectionofcorrespondingreferenceradiographsformaterialsandthicknessrangesisgiveninannexA. 4.4Personnel qualification Itisassumedthatrad
30、iographicexaminationisperformedbyqualifiedandcapablepersonnel.Inordertoprovethis qualification,itisrecommendedtocertifypersonnelinaccordancewithEN473. 5 Examinationarrangements 5.1General Theexaminationarrangementstobeusedshallbeinaccordancewith: Figures1to6fortestareasofsimplesection; Figure7fordou
31、blewallradiography; Figures8to12fortestareasofcomplexsection. Ifthesearrangementsarenotapplicable,otherarrangementsmaybeused. 5.2 Singlewallradiographyofplaneareas TheexaminationarrangementforsinglewallradiographyofplaneareasshallbeinaccordancewithFigure1. 5.3 Singlewallradiographyofcurvedareas Thet
32、estarrangementforsinglewallradiographyofcurvedareasshallbeinaccordancewitheitherFigures2,3 or4. NOTE Ifpossible,thesourceofradiationshouldbeplacedinaccordancewiththearrangementsshowninFigures3and4 toachieveamoresuitabledirectionofexamination.Thereductioninminimumsourcetoobjectdistanceshouldnotbegrea
33、ter than40%providedthattheimagequalityrequirementsaremet.EN444:1994,6.6shouldbetakenintoaccount. Whenthesourceislocatedcentrallyinsidetheobjectandthefilmoutside(techniqueshowninFigure4)andprovidedthatthe IQIrequirementsaremet,thispercentagecanbeincreased.However,itisrecommendedthatthereductioninmini
34、mumsource toobjectdistanceisnotgreaterthan50%.Rigidcassettescanbeusedifthecorrespondingincreaseof bisconsideredforthe calculationofthedistance fbetweenthesourceandsourcesideofthetestobject. 5.4 Doublewallradiographyofplaneandcurvedareas Theexaminationarrangementfordoublewallradiographyofplaneandcurv
35、edareasshallbeinaccordancewith eitherFigure5,6or7. Doublewallradiographyshallbeused,asanoverviewtechniqueaccordingtoFigure 7,ifthegeometrical conditionsmakeotherexaminationarrangementsdifficulttoapplyorifthereisabettersensitivityfordetecting discontinuitiesbyusingthistechnique.Itshallbeassuredthatun
36、acceptablediscontinuitiesaredetectedwith sufficientcertainty.Therequiredimagequalityshallbemet. InthecaseofexaminationarrangementsaccordingtoFigures6and7,thediscontinuitiesshallbeclassifiedwith referencetothesinglewallthickness.Inthecaseofdifferentwallthicknessesthereferenceshallbethesmaller one. In
37、thecaseofexaminationarrangementsaccordingtoFigure5,thedistanceofthesourcefromthesurfaceofthe areaunderexaminationshallbeminimizedprovidedthattherequirementsofIQIaremet.EN12681:2003(E) 8 5.5 Choiceofexaminationarrangementsforcomplexgeometries Unlessotherwiseagreed,theexaminationarrangementsforcomplex
38、geometryareasshallbeinaccordancewith Figures8to12(asappropriate). 5.6 Acceptableexaminationareadimensions InadditiontotherequirementsgiveninEN444,theangleofincidentradiationshallnotexceed30 . NOTE Thisvaluecanbelarger,ifspecialorientationsofdiscontinuitiescanbedetectedinthiswayorifitistheonlywayt o
39、testareasotherwiseimpossibletotest. 5.7 Explanationofsymbolsusedinthefigures InFigure1,thefollowingsymbolsapply: Q isthesourceofradiation; t isthenominalthicknessofthematerialintheregionunderexamination; b isthedistancebetweentheradiationsideofthetestobjectsideandthefilmsurfacemeasuredalongthe centr
40、alaxisoftheradiationbeam; B istheradiographicfilm; f isthedistancebetweenthesourceofradiationandthesourcesideofthetestobjectmeasuredalongthe centralaxisoftheradiationbeam; w isthethicknessofmaterialinthedirectionoftheradiationbeamcalculatedonthebasisofthenominal thickness(seeclause6).Iftheactualthic
41、knessofthematerialdeviatesfromthenominalonebymorethan 10%,theactualwallthicknessshallbeused(see tand W). InFigures2to12,thesymbolsgiveninFigure1applyaccordingly. Figure1ExaminationarrangementforsinglewallradiographyofplaneareasEN12681:2003(E) 9 Figure2Examinationarrangementforsinglewallradiographyof
42、curvedareaswiththesource ontheconvexsideandthefilmontheconcavesideoftheareaunderexamination Figure3Examinationarrangementforsinglewallradiographyofcurvedareas witheccentricpositioningofthesourceontheconcavesideandthefilmontheconvexside oftheareaunderexamination Figure4Examinationarrangementforsingle
43、wallradiographyofcurvedareaswithcentral positioningofthesourceontheconcavesideandthefilmontheconvexsideofthe areaunderexaminationEN12681:2003(E) 10 Figure5Examinationarrangementfordoublewallradiographyofplaneorcurvedareasunder examination;sourceandfilmoutsidethetestarea,onlythefilmsidewallimagedforinterpretation Figure6Examinationarrangementfordoublewallradiographyofplaneorcurvedareasunder examination;severalexposures;sourceandfilmoutsideofthetestarea;both
