1、NFPA 271 Standard Method of Test for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter 2009 Edition NFPA, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471 An International Codes and Standards Organization IMPORTANT NOTICES AND DISCLAIMERS CONCERNING NF
2、PA DOCUMENTSNOTICE AND DISCLAIMER OF LIABILITY CONCERNING THE USE OF NFPA DOCUMENTSNFPA codes, standards, recommended practices, and guides, of which the document contained herein is one, are de-veloped through a consensus standards development process approved by the American National Standards Ins
3、titute.This process brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus on fire andother safety issues. While the NFPA administers the process and establishes rules to promote fairness in the develop-ment of consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate
4、, or verify the accuracy of any information or the soundnessof any judgments contained in its codes and standards.The NFPA disclaims liability for any personal injury, property or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whetherspecial, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly
5、resulting from the publication, use of, or relianceon this document. The NFPA also makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any informationpublished herein.In issuing and making this document available, the NFPA is not undertaking to render professional or other servicesfo
6、r or on behalf of any person or entity. Nor is the NFPA undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entityto someone else. Anyone using this document should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate,seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercis
7、e of reasonable care in any given circumstances.The NFPA has no power, nor does it undertake, to police or enforce compliance with the contents of this document.Nor does the NFPA list, certify, test or inspect products, designs, or installations for compliance with this document.Any certification or
8、 other statement of compliance with the requirements of this document shall not be attributable tothe NFPA and is solely the responsibility of the certifier or maker of the statement.ADDITIONAL NOTICES AND DISCLAIMERSUpdating of NFPA DocumentsUsers of NFPA codes, standards, recommended practices, an
9、d guides should be aware thatthese documents may be superseded at any time by the issuance of new editions or may beamended from time to time through the issuance of Tentative Interim Amendments. An offi-cial NFPA document at any point in time consists of the current edition of the documenttogether
10、with any Tentative Interim Amendments and any Errata then in effect. In order todetermine whether a given document is the current edition and whether it has been amendedthrough the issuance of Tentative Interim Amendments or corrected through the issuance ofErrata, consult appropriate NFPA publicati
11、ons such as the National Fire CodesSubscriptionService, visit the NFPA website at www.nfpa.org, or contact the NFPA at the address listedbelow.Interpretations of NFPA DocumentsA statement, written or oral, that is not processed in accordance with Section 6 of the Reg-ulations Governing Committee Pro
12、jects shall not be considered the official position of NFPAor any of its Committees and shall not be considered to be, nor be relied upon as, a FormalInterpretation.PatentsThe NFPA does not take any position with respect to the validity of any patent rightsasserted in connection with any items which
13、 are mentioned in or are the subject of NFPAcodes, standards, recommended practices, and guides, and the NFPA disclaims liability forthe infringement of any patent resulting from the use of or reliance on these documents.Users of these documents are expressly advised that determination of the validi
14、ty of any suchpatent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility.NFPA adheres to applicable policies of the American National Standards Institute withrespect to patents. For further information contact the NFPA at the address listed below.Law and Regulat
15、ionsUsers of these documents should consult applicable federal, state, and local laws and reg-ulations. NFPA does not, by the publication of its codes, standards, recommended practices,and guides, intend to urge action that is not in compliance with applicable laws, and thesedocuments may not be con
16、strued as doing so.CopyrightsThis document is copyrighted by the NFPA. It is made available for a wide variety of bothpublic and private uses. These include both use, by reference, in laws and regulations, anduse in private self-regulation, standardization, and the promotion of safe practices andmet
17、hods. By making this document available for use and adoption by public authorities andprivate users, the NFPA does not waive any rights in copyright to this document.Use of NFPA documents for regulatory purposes should be accomplished through adop-tion by reference. The term “adoption by reference”
18、means the citing of title, edition, andpublishing information only. Any deletions, additions, and changes desired by the adoptingauthority should be noted separately in the adopting instrument. In order to assist NFPA infollowing the uses made of its documents, adopting authorities are requested to
19、notify theNFPA (Attention: Secretary, Standards Council) in writing of such use. For technical assis-tance and questions concerning adoption of NFPA documents, contact NFPA at the addressbelow.For Further InformationAll questions or other communications relating to NFPA codes, standards, recommended
20、practices, and guides and all requests for information on NFPA procedures governing itscodes and standards development process, including information on the procedures forrequesting Formal Interpretations, for proposing Tentative Interim Amendments, and forproposing revisions to NFPA documents durin
21、g regular revision cycles, should be sent toNFPA headquarters, addressed to the attention of the Secretary, Standards Council, NFPA,1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269-9101.For more information about NFPA, visit the NFPA website at www.nfpa.org.Copyright 2008 National Fire Protectio
22、n Association. All Rights Reserved.NFPA271Standard Method of Test forHeat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and ProductsUsing an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter2009 EditionThis edition of NFPA 271, Standard Method of Test for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates forMaterials and Products
23、Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter, was prepared by the TechnicalCommittee on Fire Tests. It was issued by the Standards Council on December 9, 2008, with aneffective date of December 29, 2008, and supersedes all previous editions.This edition of NFPA 271 was approved as an American National St
24、andard on December 29,2008.Origin and Development of NFPA 271NFPA 271 was originally numbered NFPA 264 and was first published in 1992. NFPA 264was closely related to and derived from NFPA 264A, Standard Method of Test for Heat Release Ratesfor Upholstered Furniture Components or Composites and Matt
25、resses Using an Oxygen ConsumptionCalorimeter. NFPA 264 was based on the methods of measuring rates of heat release using anoxygen consumption calorimeter developed at the National Institute of Standards and Tech-nology by Dr. Vytenis Babrauskas, et al. The document provided a general methodology fo
26、rmeasuring the heat release rates of a variety of materials in a variety of end uses. It wasintended that this approach be adopted and customized for the testing of specific productsand materials. Such a bench-scale approach provides a mechanism for deriving informationthat can be used for product a
27、nd material evaluation, mathematical modeling, and designpurposes, as well as for research and development purposes.The 1995 edition of NFPA 264 reflected changes that were both editorial and technical innature. The technical revisions included standardization of the horizontal position as theorient
28、ation for testing of specimens. The horizontal orientation provides greater repeatableand reproducible results. The vertical orientation details, located in Annex D, were intendedto be used more for research purposes. The definition of sustained flaming was revised fromexistence of flame for 10 seco
29、nds to existence of flame for 4 seconds, in order to coordinatewith other documents.The 1998 edition of NFPA 264 was renumbered as NFPA 271. The designation was changedfor coordination purposes and placed the document in rotation with other documents thatuse the oxygen consumption calorimeter. The c
30、hanges to the 1998 edition were minor innature. They included updating the document to the latest terminology used in the industryand the current laboratory processes and some editorial clarification. A new section pertain-ing to the radiation shield was added.The 2001 edition was a complete revisio
31、n that incorporated the layout and provisions ofthe Manual of Style for NFPA Technical Committee Documents, 2000 edition. Minor revisions in-cluded updating ignition circuit applications in Chapter 2 and Annex D, identifying the typeof radiation shield not permitted, and correcting the heat release
32、calibration in Chapter 5.The 2004 edition included editorial changes to be in further compliance with the Manualof Style for NFPA Technical Committee Documents. Technical changes included revising the termsustained flaming and new requirements concerning the test environment and the condition-ing of
33、 test specimens. Advisory information was added to the annex regarding testing ofnonplanar surfaces and the testing of assemblies and materials not specified in the body ofthe standard. References to test methods similar to that of NFPA 271 were also provided.The 2009 edition is largely a reconfirma
34、tion of the 2004 edition with minor editorial revisions.2711NFPA and National Fire Protection Association are registered trademarks of the National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, Massachusetts, 02169.Technical Committee on Fire TestsWilliam E. Fitch, ChairPhyrefish Enterprises, Inc., FL SEFari
35、d Alfawakhiri, American Iron and Steel Institute,IL MBarry L. Badders, Jr., Southwest Research Institute,TX RTJesse J. Beitel, Hughes Associates, Inc., MD SEApril L. Berkol, Starwood Hotels orifice size is I.D. of stackBlowerBlowermotorFuture chamberPressure portsThermocouple (locatedon stack center
36、line)685 mm*57 mm* diameter orifice127 mmHoodRubbervibrationmountsSample1625 mmFuture chamber1680 mm530 mm*Indicates a critical dimension686 mmFIGURE 4.1.1 Overall View of Apparatus.ThermocoupleOuter shell80 mm*Inner shell65 mm*160 mm*Cone hinge and mount bracketHeating element46 mm*Indicates a crit
37、ical dimensionSpacer block Ceramic fiber packingFIGURE 4.1.2 Cross-Sectional View of Heater.Samplepan13 mm calciumsilicate boardSample mountassemblyLoad cell13 mm calciumsilicate heat shieldChainCone hinge andmount bracketAluminum foilLow densityceramic woolSample(100 mm 100 mm)CalibrationburnerFlux
38、 metermountFluxmeterFIGURE 4.1.3 Exploded View, Horizontal Orientation, ofApparatus.2717TEST APPARATUS2009 Edition4.4.8 For other features, the geometry of the exhaust systemshall not be considered critical. The undisturbed inflow dis-tances to the gas-sampling probe and the measuring orificeshall b
39、e sufficient for the flow to be uniformly mixed.4.5 Load Cell.4.5.1 The arrangement of the specimen holders on the loadcell shall be as indicated in Figure 4.1.3.4.5.2 The load cell shall have an accuracy of 0.1 g and a mea-suring range of 500 g.4.6 Specimen Mounting.4.6.1 The horizontal specimen ho
40、lder shall be as shown inFigure 4.6.1.4.6.2* The bottom of the horizontal specimen holder shall belined with a layer of low-density (nominal density 65 kg/m3)refractory fiber blanket with a thickness of at least 13 mm.4.6.3 The distance between the bottom surface of the coneheater and the top of the
41、 specimen shall be adjusted to25 mm.4.6.4 A retainer frame and a wire grid, as shown in Fig-ure 4.6.4(a) and Figure 4.6.4(b), respectively, shall be used inthe testing of intumescing specimens to reduce unrepresenta-tive edge-burning of composite specimens and for retainingspecimens prone to delamin
42、ation. Other techniques shall bepermitted to be utilized if documented in the test report.4.7 Ignition Circuit.4.7.1 External ignition shall be accomplished by a spark plugpowered from a 10 kV transformer or by a 10 kV spark generator.4.7.2 The length and location of the spark plug or spark gen-erat
43、or electrode shall be such that the spark shall have a gap of3 mm.4.7.3 The spark gap shall be located 13 mm above the centerof the specimen in the horizontal orientation.HoodBBCCOrifice plate685 mm*Tube is 0.6-mm-thick stainless steelwith a 114 mm I.D.Gas-samplingring probe(sample holesface blower)
44、114 mmThermocouple location (rear)SECTION AA225 mmThermocouple114 mm250 mmAOrifice plate 1.59 mm thick350 mm25 mm*25 mm*75 mm*57 mm I.D. holeThermocouple76 mmGas-samplingring probeSmoke meterpurge tubes7.9 mm O.D.Use an alignmentrod when weldingtubes to duct toensure perfectalignment.SECTION CCHood5
45、7 mm I.D. holeSoot sampler probe6.35 mm O.D.SECTION BB111 mm*Note: Drawing not to scale*Indicates a critical dimensionBlowerSmoke meterlocationFIGURE 4.4.1 Exhaust System.59 mm*8 mm4 mmStainless steel (mill smooth)SECTION AA*Indicates a critical dimensionSpot weld, four corners2.4 mm thickA106 mm*10
46、6 mm*59 mm*25 mm40 mm40 mm25 mm*30 degreesFIGURE 4.6.1 Horizontal Specimen Holder.2718 HEAT AND VISIBLE SMOKE RELEASE RATES FOR MATERIALS USING AN OXYGEN CONSUMPTION CALORIMETER2009 Edition4.7.4 If a spark plug and transformer are used, the trans-former shall be of a type specifically designed for s
47、park igni-tion use. The transformer shall have an isolated (un-grounded) secondary to minimize interference with the datatransmission lines.4.7.5 The igniter shall be removed when sustained flaming isachieved for a period of 4 seconds.4.8 Ignition Timer. The timing device for measuring time tosustai
48、ned flaming shall be capable of recording elapsed timeto the nearest second and shall be accurate to within 1 secondin 1 hour.4.9* Gas Sampling. Gas-sampling arrangements such as thatshown in Figure 4.9 shall incorporate a pump, a filter to pre-vent entry of soot, a cold trap to remove most of the m
49、oisture,a bypass system set to divert all flow except that required forthe oxygen analyzer, a further moisture trap, and a trap forCO2removal where CO2is not measured. If CO2is removed,an additional moisture trap shall be required downstreamfrom the CO2trap.4.10 Oxygen Analyzer.4.10.1 The analyzer shall be of the paramagnetic type with arange of 0 percent to 25 percent O2.4.10.2 The analyzer shall exhibit a linear response and driftof not more than 50 ppm O2(root-mean-square value) over aperiod of12 hour.4.10.3 The stream pressure shall be regulated upstream ofthe
