1、 ANSI/NISO Z39.98-2012 Authoring and Interchange Framework for Adaptive XML Publishing Specification Abstract: This specification defines a framework in which to develop XML markup languages to represent different kinds of information resources (books, periodicals, etc.), with the intent of producin
2、g documents suitable for transformation into different universally accessible formats. It uses a modular, extensible architecture to permit the creation of any number of document models, each custom-tailored for a particular kind of information resource. An American National Standard Developed by th
3、e National Information Standards Organization Approved: July 9, 2012 by the American National Standards Institute Published by the National Information Standards Organization Baltimore, MD, USA ANSI/NISO Z39.98-2012 2 About NISO Standards NISO standards are developed by the Working Groups of the Nat
4、ional Information Standards Organization (NISO) with oversight from a Topic Committee. The development process is a strenuous one that includes a rigorous peer review of proposed standards open to each NISO Voting Member and any other interested party. Final approval of the standard involves verific
5、ation by the American National Standards Institute that its requirements for due process, consensus, and other approval criteria have been met by NISO. Once verified and approved, NISO Standards also become American National Standards. This standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. For curre
6、nt information on the status of this standard contact the NISO office or visit the NISO website at: www.niso.org. Published by: National Information Standards Organization (NISO) One North Charles Street, Suite 1905 Baltimore, MD 21201 www.niso.org Copyright 2012 by the National Information Standard
7、s Organization All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. For noncommercial purposes only, this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior permission in writing from the publisher, provided it is reproduced accurately,
8、the source of the material is identified, and the NISO copyright status is acknowledged. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this publication, please access or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) at 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. All
9、inquiries regarding translations into other languages or commercial reproduction or distribution should be addressed to NISO, One North Charles Street, Suite 1905, Baltimore, MD 21201. ISBN: 978-1-937522-06-3 (HTML) ISBN: 978-1-937522-07-0 (PDF) ANSI/NISO Z39.98-2012 iii Table of Contents Foreword v
10、ii 1 Purpose and Scope 1 1.1 Audience 1 1.2 Design goals 1 1.3 Overview .2 1.4 Relationship to other specifications 5 1.4.1 ANSI/NISO Z39.86-2005 5 1.4.2 XML 5 1.4.3 Unicode .5 1.5 Conformance statements .5 2 Normative References 5 3 Terms and Definitions .8 4 Abstract Document Model 10 4.1 Introduc
11、tion .10 4.2 Fundamentals 12 4.2.1 Document foundation12 4.2.2 Document structure layers 12 4.2.3 Document attribute collection .13 4.2.4 Constraints 14 4.2.5 Classes.15 4.3 Layer and Collection Definitions 15 4.3.1 Introduction .15 4.3.2 Document foundation16 4.3.3 Section layer16 4.3.3.1 Descripti
12、on 16 4.3.3.2 Implementation 17 4.3.4 Block layer 17 4.3.4.1 Description . 17 4.3.4.2 Implementation 17 4.3.5 Phrase layer .18 4.3.5.1 Description . 18 ANSI/NISO Z39.98-2012 iv 4.3.5.2 Implementation 18 4.3.6 Text layer 18 4.3.6.1 Description . 18 4.3.6.2 Implementation 18 4.3.7 Metadata Attributes
13、collection 19 4.3.7.1 Description 19 4.3.7.2 Implementation 19 4.3.8 Global Attributes Collection .20 4.3.8.1 Description . 20 4.3.8.2 Implementation 20 5 Modules 20 5.1 Introduction .20 5.2 Module and component definitions 20 5.3 Components 21 5.3.1 Outline.21 5.3.2 Semantic definition .21 5.3.3 De
14、fault usage context 22 5.3.4 Default content model .22 5.3.5 Default attribute model .23 5.3.6 Definition of alterability .23 5.3.7 Definition of optionality .23 5.4 Expression .24 5.5 Activation 24 5.6 Core modules 25 5.6.1 Core namespace URI 25 5.6.2 Core modules URI 25 6 Profiles 26 6.1 Introduct
15、ion .26 6.2 Creation .26 6.3 Profile conformance definition .28 6.3.1 Profile identity URI.28 6.3.2 Profile markup model definition .28 ANSI/NISO Z39.98-2012 v 6.3.3 Profile resource directory 29 6.3.4 RDFa initial context 29 7 Features 30 7.1 Introduction .30 7.2 Feature conformance definition 30 7
16、.2.1 Feature identity URI .30 7.2.2 Feature markup model definition 31 7.2.3 Feature resource directory .31 8 Documents 32 8.1 Introduction .32 8.2 Document conformance definition .32 8.3 Referencing profiles and features .33 8.4 Referencing RDF vocabularies .34 8.5 Metadata 35 8.5.1 Introduction .3
17、5 8.5.2 Required document-level metadata .36 8.5.3 Document-level metadata resources .37 8.5.4 RDFa metadata associations .38 8.5.5 Inline metadata 39 9 Container 40 9.1 Introduction 40 9.2 Format .40 9.3 File extension 42 9.4 Media types .42 10 Resource directories 42 10.1 Introduction .42 10.2 Res
18、ource directory conformance definition 43 11 RDF vocabularies 43 11.1 Introduction .43 11.2 Vocabularies defined by this specification .44 11.2.1 Z39.98-2012 Instance Metadata Vocabulary 44 11.2.2 Z39.98-2012 Structural Semantics Vocabulary 46 ANSI/NISO Z39.98-2012 vi 11.2.3 Z39.98-2012 Resource Dir
19、ectory Vocabulary 69 11.3 Associating vocabularies with Z39.98-AI documents 72 11.4 Format of RDF vocabularies .73 11.5 Changes to RDF vocabularies .73 12 Processing agents 74 12.1 Introduction .74 12.2 Processing agent conformance definition .74 12.3 Initialization 75 12.4 Processing of vocabulary
20、terms 76 Appendix A: (normative) Profile, feature, and vocabulary catalogs 78 A.1 Profile catalog .78 A.2 Feature catalog 78 A.3 Vocabulary catalog .78 Appendix B: (normative) Schema languages 79 Appendix C: (normative) Media type registration 80 C.1 Z39.98-AI XML Documents 80 C.2 Z39.98-AI containe
21、r format 81 Informative References .83 List of Examples Example 1: Document foundation as an XML document . 12 Example 2: Document structure layers depicted as XML 13 Example 3: Example of metadata attributes . 14 Example 4: Example of global attributes 14 Example 5: Modification of an RNG module du
22、ring activation . 24 Example 6: Referencing a profile and features from a Z39.98-AI document 33 Example 7: Referencing an RDFa initial context document 34 Example 8: Referencing a term from the default vocabulary . 34 Example 9: Referencing a term from a prefixed vocabulary 34 Example 10: Referencin
23、g an RDFa vocabulary 35 Example 11: Invalid vocabulary prefix declaration using the xmlns attribute . 35 Example 12: Z39.98-AI document metadata 38 Example 13: Inline metadata 40 Example 14: Z39.98-AI container file structure . 41 Example 15: container.xml file mark up . 42 Example 16: Declaring an
24、initial context document . 72 ANSI/NISO Z39.98-2012 vii Foreword (This foreword is not part of the Authoring and Interchange Framework for Adaptive XML Publishing Specification, ANSI/NISO Z39.98-2012. It is included for information only.) About This Standard The Z39.98 Authoring and Interchange Fram
25、ework for Adaptive XML Publishing Specification (Z39.98-AI) defines a framework in which to develop XML markup languages to represent different kinds of information resources (books, periodicals, etc.), with the intent of producing documents suitable for transformation into different universally acc
26、essible formats. It uses a modular, extensible architecture to permit the creation of any number of document models, each custom-tailored for a particular kind of information resource. This approach to text production differs significantly from the one taken in ANSI/NISO Z39.86-2005 (the DTBook gram
27、mar), which attempted to provide a single markup model in which all formats could be present (i.e., a single universal rendering format). Although the Z39.86 approach has potential merits for reader consumption, it could not provide the richness needed by producers in many cases to render high-quali
28、ty individual outputs. Producing print braille compliant to regional codes, as one example, was complicated by markup that was often more generally useful for refreshable braille display. Accessible production by needs requires the ability to repurpose content in a variety of forms for readers of di
29、fferent abilities, and as efficiently as possible, but this need that DTBook also hoped to address was not being fully realized. The Z39.86 text model was further complicated in that it could not be easily redefined for specific use cases. All content had to be structured exactly the same way, regar
30、dless of the form it took in its source. By focusing on accessible output requirements, it was also not widely useful as a production format for mainstream publishing requirements, limiting the ability to obtain content from source producers. This standard escapes the trap of defining markup models
31、and instead focuses on a general, extensible and highly-adaptable framework in which content models can be defined. It prescribes the rules and requirements for predictable and rapid development of new content models without defining specifically defining the grammars. The development of single sour
32、ce master documents that can be easily exchanged between organizations is the ultimate goal, but without imposing limits on the markup expressivity needs of any individual producer. The richness of markup that can be produced using this model also places this standard back in the mainstream. Its foc
33、us on fully representing the structure and meaning of the documents being described makes it a candidate for use in any environment in which a parallel publishing model is currently used or envisioned. The outputs that can be generated from documents that conform to Z39.98-AI profiles are not limite
34、d to accessible formats. Z39.98-AI was originally intended to be a revision to and replacement for ANSI/NISO Z39.86, Specifications for the Digital Talking Book. After consideration of feedback from the draft for ANSI/NISO Z39.98-2012 viii trial use of the proposed revision, the Working Group recomm
35、ended that the revision be given a new standard designation number and that the existing Z39.86 standard be reaffirmed. Trial users had indicated that the changes were so significant as to warrant this being a new standard. Additionally, content creators, software developers, and e-reader device man
36、ufacturers wanted to continue using the existing standard for the near future while they developed transition plans to the new standard. The NISO Content and Collection Management Topic Committee approved the Working Groups recommendation and this standard was assigned the new designation of Z39.98.
37、 Subsequently, ANSI/NISO Z39.86 was reaffirmed for another five years. Trademarks, Services Marks Wherever used in this standard, all terms that are trademarks or service marks are and remain the property of their respective owners. NISO Voting Pool At the time this standard was approved, the follow
38、ing were members of the NISO Voting Pool: American Library Association (ALA) Nancy Kraft American Psychological Association Linda Beebe, Janice Fleming American Society for Indexing JudithGibbs American Society for Information Science it additionally defines two complementary collections of attribut
39、es that flow through the element layers (the global and metadata attribute collections). It also exposes all of these layers and collections for customization and extension, which is where its flexibility for representing new document types lies. Figure 2 provides a visual perspective of how the lay
40、ers work in a bounding box-like fashion. Figure 2: The document foundation and four layers of the Abstract Document Model The layers of the Abstract Document Model are also how the model moves from abstraction of a document into formalization of the concept; they are more than just a way of conceivi
41、ng of a document, but also represent the practical implementation of each profile through schema classes. Profile creators must not change the document foundation, nor remove layers or their inherent traits. The ability to create new profiles to describe information resources lies in the freedom off
42、ered within each layer to include elements and attributes to create new markup models. As a result, the Abstract Document Model can be used to create schematic definitions for documents across a wide spectrum of formats and fields while ensuring a predictable core structure. The Z39.98-AI specificat
43、ion was built on this model specifically to address the problem of extensibility that existed in earlier versions of the Z39.86 standard. No single schema can encompass all document types and provide all the structure and flexibility necessary to generate all accessible formats. Although extension p
44、oints were introduced in previous versions of Z39.86 to try and address this problem, they only allowed authors fixed entry points into a fixed model; the ability to fully recompose a schema to accommodate a new form was lacking. ANSI/NISO Z39.98-2012 12 The Abstract Document Model instead provides
45、a common framework and over-arching set of rules in which profiles can be built without imposing unnecessary production and semantic restrictions. With the ability to insert new components at each layer, and at the same time leverage the components available in the core modules and from external fea
46、tures, the Z39.98-AI specification unshackles production from the monolithic approach of pre-defined and rigid markup models. 4.2 Fundamentals 4.2.1 Document foundation At the root of the Abstract Document Model is the document foundation. The foundation, as its name implies, defines the concrete co
47、ncept of a document and provides the practical containers through which the layers operate to define information resources. The document foundation also represents the universal concept of a Z39.98-AI document: as composed of a container for metadata and other informational resources and a container
48、 to express the body content of the document. The foundation and this principle are constants across all profile implementations. Example 1 shows how the document foundation is practically expressed in XML markup in all conformant profiles. Example 1: Document foundation as an XML document 4.2.2 Doc
49、ument structure layers The Abstract Document Model comprises a hierarchy of four layers that define a documents internal structure from its most general sense to its most concrete: the Section layer defines the primary structural divisions within documents; the Block layer defines the major structural elements that occur within sections of documents; the Phrase layer defines lexical and grammatical constructs; and the Text layer defines the mixture of character data and character elements at the core of all the bounding layers. ANSI/NISO Z39.98-2012 13 The four
