1、PAS 132:2007Terminology for the bio-nano interfaceICS 01.040.11; 11.040.99NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWPUBLICLY AVAILABLE SPECIFICATIONPublishing and copyright informationThe BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last
2、 issued. BSI 2007ISBN 978 0 580 61317 3Publication historyFirst published December 2007Amendments issued since publicationAmd. no. Date Text affectedPAS 132:2007 BSI 2007 iPAS 132:2007ContentsForeword iiiIntroduction 11 Scope 12 Terms and definitions 23 Abbreviations 9Bibliography 10Summary of pages
3、This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv, pages 1 to 10, an inside back cover and a back cover.PAS 132:2007ii BSI 2007 This page deliberately left blank BSI 2007 iiiPAS 132:2007ForewordPublishing informationThis Publicly Available Specification (PAS) has been commi
4、ssioned by the UK Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills (DIUS) and developed through the British Standards Institution. It came into effect on 31 December 2007.Acknowledgement is given to the following organizations that were involved in the development of this terminology: Cranfield Un
5、iversity;Environ; Leeds University; Manchester University; National Physical Laboratory; University of Portsmouth.In addition, acknowledgement is given to the contributions of those that commented, including BSI Technical Committee NTI/1, Nanotechnologies, the working groups of ISO Technical Committ
6、ee ISO/TC 229, Nanotechnologies, and other organizations and experts.BSI retains ownership and copyright of this PAS. BSI reserves the right to withdraw or amend this PAS on receipt of authoritative advice that it is appropriate to do so. This PAS will be reviewed at intervals not exceeding two year
7、s, and any amendments arising from the review will be published as an amended PAS and publicized in Update Standards.This PAS is not to be regarded as a British Standard. It will be withdrawn upon publication of its content in, or as, a British Standard.The PAS process enables a specification to be
8、rapidly developed in order to fulfil an immediate need in industry. A PAS may be considered for further development as a British Standard, or constitute part of the UK input into the development of a European or International Standard.Relationship with other publicationsThis PAS is issued as part of
9、 a suite of nanotechnology terminology PASs: PAS 71, Vocabulary Nanoparticles; PAS 131, Terminology for medical, health and personal care applications of nanotechnologies; PAS 132, Terminology for the bio-nano interface; PAS 133, Terminology for nanoscale measurement and instrumentation; PAS 134, Te
10、rminology for carbon nanostructures; PAS 135, Terminology for nanofabrication; PAS 136, Terminology for nanomaterials.PAS 132:2007iv BSI 2007PAS 131 to PAS 136 include terms the definitions for which differ to those given in PAS 71:2005, which was published in June 2005. These differences are the re
11、sult of further reflection and debate and reflect consensus within the PAS steering groups. Until PAS 71:2005 can be revised to incorporate these changes, it is intended that the terms in PAS 131 to PAS 136 take precedence over PAS 71:2005.This suite of PAS acknowledges the standards development wor
12、k being conducted by BSI Technical Committee NTI/1, Nanotechnologies, ISO TC/229, Nanotechnologies, IEC/TC 113, Nanotechnology standardization for electrical and electronic products and systems, and CEN/TC 352, Nanotechnologies. Attempts have been made to align the definitions in these PASs with the
13、 definitions being developed by these committees, particularly the draft ISO/TS 27687 Terminology and definitions for nanoparticles. However, as the work of these committees is at a development stage, complete alignment has not been possible in every instance.Contractual and legal considerationsThis
14、 publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a Publicly Available Specification cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. BSI 2007 1PAS 132:2007Introduction Many authorities predict that ap
15、plications of nanotechnologies will ultimately pervade virtually every aspect of life and will enable dramatic advances to be realized in most areas of communication, health, manufacturing, materials and knowledge-based technologies. Even if this is only partially true, there is an obvious need to p
16、rovide industry and research with suitable tools to assist the development, application and communication of the technologies. One essential tool in this armoury will be the harmonization of the terminology and definitions used in order to promote their common understanding and consistent usage. Thi
17、s terminology includes terms that are either specific to the sector covered by the title or are used with a specific meaning in the field of nanotechnology. It is one of a series of terminology PASs covering many different aspects of nanotechnologies. This terminology attempts not to include terms t
18、hat are used in a manner consistent with a definition given in the Oxford English Dictionary 1, and terms that already have well established meanings and to which the addition of the prefix “nano” changes only the scale to which they apply but does not otherwise change their meaning.The multidiscipl
19、inary nature of nanotechnologies can lead to confusion as to the precise meaning of some terms because of differences in usage between disciplines. Users are advised that, in order to support the standardization of terminology, this PAS provides single definitions wherever possible.As with all the P
20、AS documents in the series, the remit for its preparation was to “document and, to a lesser degree, comment on the current use of basic terms and definitions by manufacturers, suppliers, academia, regulators and governments, and to give recommendations for usage”. In the case of such a cross-discipl
21、inary field as bionanotechnology, there is particularly wide variation of current usage; and on the other hand, since the technology is rather new, an easily identifiable body of manufacturers and suppliers, let alone of regulators, from whom one can garner usage scarcely exists; indeed, a majority
22、of the commercial firms involved are recent academic spin-offs.1 ScopeThis Publicly Available Specification (PAS) lists terms and definitions used in or associated with the naming or describing of applications of nanotechnologies and nanomaterials to or at the bio-nano interface.It is applicable to,
23、 though is not limited to, the use of nanotechnologies in diagnostic devices, including bio-nano diagnostic systems, quantum dots and other nano-bio-markers for the identification and/or tracing of biological entities, and in vitro and in vivo interactions of nanomaterials with biological systems.It
24、 is intended for use by technologists, manufacturers, regulators, non-government organizations (NGOs), consumer organizations, members of the public and others with an interest in the application or use of nanotechnologies in the subject area. PAS 132:20072 BSI 20072 Terms and definitions 2.1 analyt
25、eentity under analysis, such as a molecule in solution (could equally apply to gas-borne molecules)2.2 aptamerpolymer of limited length (oligomer), e.g. single-stranded RNA or DNA, which can fold into a wide variety of 3-dimensional shapes, that binds highly specifically to a wide range of ligands,
26、molecules and biomaterials2.3 biorelated to, or concerning life2.4 bioactiveengineered to evoke a positive response from the host body 2.5 biocompatibletolerant of life, or of biomolecular function 2.6 biofilmnaturally formed composite biomaterial NOTE Bacterial biofilms are formed by bacteria that
27、generate and secrete the matrix molecules cementing them together.2.7 biofunctionalization1. modification of a non-biological material, device or system in order to make it biocompatible or biointeractive2. modification with biologically-derived material2.8 bioinertnot evoking any significant respon
28、se from the host organism or biological system2.9 biointeractive1. enabled for the exchange of information between a biological system and a non-biological one2. capable of sending and/or receiving information from a living organismNOTE This encompasses physico-chemical interplay between surface and
29、 matrix (which is fundamentally encoded information).2.10 biomaterial1. any substance, synthetic or natural, that can be used as a system or part of a system that treats, augments, or replaces any tissue, organ, or function of the bodyASTM International, Designation: F2312-04. Standard Terminology R
30、elating to Tissue Engineered Medical Products 22. any material produced using a biological system, or any material produced in vitro that could be made by a biological system2.11 biomimicry artificial process or material designed to imitate a natural oneNOTE Biomimetic is the adjective of biomimicry
31、. BSI 2007 3PAS 132:20072.12 biomineralization1. synthesis of inorganic crystalline or amorphous mineral-like materials by living organisms Glossary of terms used in bioinorganic chemistry. IUPAC Recommendations 1997 32. process of incorporating inorganic atoms or aggregates into biological material
32、 to create a composite structure2.13 bioNEMSnanoelectromechanical system incorporating biological functionality 2.14 biorecognition synonym for specific binding 2.15 biotin (vitamin b7) / (strept)avidin streptavidin is a tetrameric protein, isolated from Streptomyces avidinii, that binds the peptide
33、 biotin with a dissociation constant of 10p14Mp1NOTE 1 This effectively means the binding is so tight that the two molecules rarely separate.NOTE 2 The biotin-streptavidin complex is often used as a model. 2.16 Brownian ratchetdevice for extracting work from an external energy source, in apparent co
34、ntradiction of the second law of thermodynamics 2.17 capture layerthin film with the function of capturing and concentrating an analyte (for example, placed on the transducer element of a biosensor) 2.18 cell spreading process of shape transformation (e.g. sphere to segment), undergone by a cell ini
35、tially suspended in a culture medium when it settles on and adheres to a solid surface2.19 cofactor molecule required by an enzyme to achieve normal function2.20 confocal microscopytechnique used to increase image contrast and/or to reconstruct 3-dimensional images by using a spatial pinhole to elim
36、inate out-of-focus light or flare in specimens that are thicker than the focal plane 2.21 dativitelectron donor potential 2.22 directed growthencouragement of cell growth at particular sites and cell differentiation, e.g. through the use of growth factors, chemotaxis, electrical or mechanical factor
37、s (cf. mechanotransduction), or topographic features in the surrounding neighbourhood2.23 engineered surfacesurface designed and fabricated for a particular applicationPAS 132:20074 BSI 20072.24 evanescent wavemonotonically decaying wave formed when an electromagnetic wave is reflected off an interf
38、ace between two different transparent dielectrics at an angle greater than the critical angle so that total internal reflection occurs; typically coupled to an electeromagnetic mode (standing wave) inside a waveguideNOTE Synonymous with evanescence field. 2.25 extracellular matrixcomplex mass of lar
39、ge secreted glycoproteins in which cells are embedded and supported2.26 fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS)method to determine the diffusion coefficients of molecules by measuring the decay kinetics of fluorescence excited by polarized lightNOTE Also known as fluorescence anisotropy decay sp
40、ectroscopy.2.27 fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)energy transfer between two fluorescent moleculesNOTE 1 Also known as Frster energy transfer.NOTE 2 A fluorescent donor is excited at its fluorescence excitation wavelength. By a short-range dipole-dipole coupling mechanism, the energy of
41、this excited state is then nonradiatively transferred to a second molecule, the acceptor, whereupon the donor returns to the electronic ground state. 2.28 focal adhesiontransmembrane junction between the extracellular matrix, or any substrate on which living cells are growing, and the cytoskeleton2.
42、29 focal contactregion of closest approach (less than 10 nm) of plasma membrane to another cell or substratum NOTE Focal contacts are often characterized in terms of the proteins involved.2.30 his-tagshort amino acid sequence including histidines, often fused to one end of a protein, and which will
43、bind transition metal cations, facilitating protein purification 2.31 hydrophilicinterfacial free energy %G1w1 0, where 1 = substrate and w = water; shows a preference for an aqueous environment NOTE It can be derived from contact angle measurements made with different liquids. A hydrophilic substra
44、te would give an (advancing) contact angle with water of 0 (i.e. the substrate is fully wetted).The hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of clay minerals 4 BSI 2007 5PAS 132:20072.32 hydrophobicthe interfacial free energy %G1w10. In practice, however, substances with advancing contact angles up to 10 o
45、r more degrees might still be considered to be hydrophilic.The hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of clay minerals 42.33 kTthermal energy of a system NOTE The phrase derives from Boltzmanns equation, where k is Boltzmanns constant and T is temperature (in Kelvin). Often k is written as “kB”.2.34 lab-
46、on-a-chip micro- or nanoscale device in which small numbers of molecules can be subjected to different localized chemistriesNOTE “Chip” refers to integrated sensors, sample handling and electronics fitting onto a silicon chip-sized device.2.35 laminar flowfluid flow occurring in parallel layers with
47、out mixing between the layers, experimentally found for Reynolds numbers 3 000 the flow is turbulent, for 0, where 1 = substrate and f = fluid (cf. hydrophilic)2.64 solvophobicinterfacial free energy %G1f1 0, where 1 = substrate and f = fluid (cf. hydrophobic)2.65 specific bindinghigh-affinity bindi
48、ng of one molecule to another, or of a molecule or living cell to a surface, that depends on unique features of the arrangement of atoms of one or both of the binding partners2.66 substrate1. surface on which material is deposited (also known as substratum) 2. molecule on which an enzyme actsNOTE In
49、 the language of cybernetics, the substrate is the operand, the enzyme (together with any cofactors) is the operator, and the product is the transform.2.67 substratumsurface on which material is deposited2.68 superhydrophobic has a water contact angle ideally equal to 180, typically greater than 150NOTE Such contact angles can be achieved by roughening the materials surface (see lotus effect). 2.69 surface coatingdeposit or deposition of material on bulk objects in order to modify their surfaces2.70 surface engineeri
