1、PAS 134:2007Terminology for carbon nanostructuresICS 01.040.71; 71.100.99NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWPUBLICLY AVAILABLE SPECIFICATIONPublishing and copyright informationThe BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last
2、issued. BSI 2007ISBN 978 0 580 61319 7Publication historyFirst published December 2007Amendments issued since publicationAmd. no. Date Text affectedPAS 134:2007 BSI 2007 iPAS 134:2007ContentsForeword iiIntroduction 11 Scope 12 General 23 Diamond nanostructures 34 Carbon nanorods nanofibres and nanot
3、ubes 35 Carbon films 66 Fullerenes 77 Characterization 98 Abbreviations 12Bibliography 13Summary of pagesThis document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv, pages 1 to 13 and a back cover.PAS 134:2007ii BSI 2007ForewordPublishing informationThis Publicly Available Specificat
4、ion (PAS) has been commissioned by the UK Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills (DIUS) and developed through the British Standards Institution. It came into effect on 31 December 2007.Acknowledgement is given to the following organizations that were involved in the development of this t
5、erminology: Bristol University; Cambridge University; Liverpool University; Thomas Swan PAS 131, Terminology for medical, health and personal care applications of nanotechnologies; PAS 132, Terminology for the bio-nano interface; PAS 133, Terminology for nanoscale measurement and instrumentation; PA
6、S 134, Terminology for carbon nanostructures; PAS 135, Terminology for nanofabrication; PAS 136, Terminology for nanomaterials.PAS 131 to PAS 136 include terms the definitions for which differ to those given in PAS 71:2005, which was published in June 2005. These differences are the result of furthe
7、r reflection and debate and reflect consensus within the PAS steering groups. Until PAS 71:2005 can be revised to incorporate these changes, it is intended that the terms in PAS 131 to PAS 136 take precedence over PAS 71:2005. BSI 2007 iiiPAS 134:2007This suite of PAS acknowledges the standards deve
8、lopment work being conducted by BSI Technical Committee NTI/1, Nanotechnologies, ISO TC/229, Nanotechnologies, IEC/TC 113, Nanotechnology standardization for electrical and electronic products and systems, and CEN/TC 352, Nanotechnologies. Attempts have been made to align the definitions in these PA
9、Ss with the definitions being developed by these committees, particularly the draft ISO/TS 27687 Terminology and definitions for nanoparticles. However, as the work of these committees is at a development stage, complete alignment has not been possible in every instance.Contractual and legal conside
10、rationsThis publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a Publicly Available Specification cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.iv BSI 2007 This page deliberately left blankPAS 134:2007
11、 BSI 2007 1PAS 134:2007Introduction Many authorities predict that applications of nanotechnologies will ultimately pervade virtually every aspect of life and will enable dramatic advances to be realized in most areas of communication, health, manufacturing, materials and knowledge-based technologies
12、. Even if this is only partially true, there is an obvious need to provide industry and research with suitable tools to assist the development, application and communication of the technologies. One essential tool in this armoury will be the harmonization of the terminology and definitions used in o
13、rder to promote their common understanding and consistent usage. This terminology includes terms that are either specific to the sector covered by the title or are used with a specific meaning in the field of nanotechnology. It is one of a series of terminology PASs covering many different aspects o
14、f nanotechnologies. This terminology attempts not to include terms that are used in a manner consistent with a definition given in the Oxford English Dictionary 1, and terms that already have well established meanings to which the addition of the prefix “nano” changes only the scale to which they ap
15、ply but does not otherwise change their meaning.The multidisciplinary nature of nanotechnologies can lead to confusion as to the precise meaning of some terms because of differences in usage between disciplines. Users are advised that, in order to support the standardization of terminology, this PAS
16、 provides single definitions wherever possible.1 ScopeThis Publicly Available Specification (PAS) lists terms and definitions used in or associated with the chemical and physical/geometrical structure, characterization, functionalization, manufacture and synthesis of carbon nanostructures. It is app
17、licable to, but not limited to, diamond, fullerene, nanofibre, nanohorn, nanorod and nanotube structures.This PAS is intended for use by technologists, regulators, non-government organizations (NGOs), consumer organizations, members of the public and others with an interest in the application or use
18、 of nanotechnologies in the subject area.PAS 134:20072 BSI 20072General2.1 carbon hybridizationmerging of the outer s and p orbitals in a carbon atomNOTE Carbon has four valence electrons. In an isolated carbon atom, two of the valence electrons are expected to be in the 2s orbital and the other two
19、 to be in the 2p orbitals (there are three 2p orbitals in total). However, depending on the local conditions, one of the 2s electrons move to the third 2p orbital allowing the 2s to merge with the 2p orbitals and form new kinds of orbital called sp. Even though the s and p orbitals are symmetric wit
20、h respect to the nucleus of the carbon atom, the sp orbitals are highly directional and most of the electron cloud exists on one side of the carbon nucleus. sp1, sp2and sp3below are used to denote the different possible hybridizations in carbon.2.2 sp1carbon hybridizationmerging between the 2s and o
21、ne 2p orbitalsNOTE The two sp orbitals lie opposite to each other and on a straight line. Common hybridization in linear chains of carbon atoms. 2.3 sp2carbon hybridizationmerging between the 2s and two 2p orbitalsNOTE The three sp orbitals lie on the same plane at 120ofrom each other. Carbon atoms
22、in graphene are sp2hybridized.2.4 sp3 carbon hybridizationmerging between the 2s and all three 2p orbitalsNOTE The four sp orbitals point to the apexes of a tetrahedron. Diamond is made of sp3hybridized carbon.2.5 fullereneclosed-cage structure having more than 20 carbon atoms consisting entirely of
23、 three-coordinate carbon atomsJ. Chem. Inf. Comp. Sci., 35, 969-978 2NOTE A fullerene with 60 carbon atoms (C60 ) is sometimes called buckminsterfullerene.2.6 graphenesingle sheet of trigonally bonded (sp2) carbon atoms in a hexagonal structure2.7 heptagonal and pentagonal defectsinterruption of the
24、 structure of graphitic layers with either heptagonal or pentagonal rings of carbon respectivelyNOTE Carbon atoms in graphite are organized in hexagons; when one carbon atom is added or removed heptagonal or pentagonal defects are formed, respectively. 2.8 turbostratic carbon disordered graphitic st
25、ructure where the graphitic planes may be bent BSI 2007 3PAS 134:20073 Diamond nanostructures3.1 Synthesis3.1.1 detonationmethod of producing nanodiamond material by use of a high pressure shock wave 3.1.2 high pressure high temperature (HPHT)synthesis method using high temperature and pressure appl
26、ied to a material held between two anvils to modify the material structure NOTE This method is currently used to convert sp2bonded carbon into diamond3.1.3 hot filament chemical vapour deposition (HFCVD)industrial synthesis method in which reactant gases are passed over a hot filament and deposit to
27、 form large area growth of polycrystalline and nanocrystalline diamond3.2 Materials3.2.1 adamantaneC10H16 closed structure comprising 4 benzene rings with hydrogen termination NOTE The smallest member of the H-terminated, cubic diamond molecular series.3.2.2 bare nanodiamondshybrid fullerene-diamond
28、 structure resulting from the reconstruction of a nanodiamond surface following the removal of all surface hydrogenNOTE This is called bucky diamond.3.2.3 diamondoidslinked cages of adamantaneNOTE Also known as nanodiamonds.3.2.4 hydrogenated nanodiamondsH-terminated nanodiamond 3.2.5 ultradispersed
29、 diamond (UDD)isolated diamond nanoparticles NOTE Produced by detonation synthesis.4 Carbon nanorods nanofibres and nanotubes4.1 Synthesis4.1.1 arc dischargeuse of an electric arc, formed by passing a high current between electrodes (in this case, usually graphite/carbon), to vaporize the electrode
30、material and create a plasma of carbon NOTE This is a technique for producing carbon nanotubes and nano-onions, or generating a plasma for amorphous carbon and diamond like carbon film deposition.PAS 134:20074 BSI 20074.1.2 base-growth modegrowth mode of carbon nanorod catalyzed by a catalyst partic
31、le anchored on a support surfaceNOTE Carbon feedstock is supplied from the base where the nanorod interfaces with the anchored catalyst.4.1.3 chemical vapour deposition (CVD)synthesis of a solid material by chemical reaction of a gaseous precursor or mixture of precursors, commonly initiated by heat
32、NOTE An example would be the growth of carbon nanotubes from methane gas with catalyst particles.4.1.4 gas phase synthesisgrowth technique where the product is formed in the gaseous phase NOTE This is used for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes and nanofibres.4.1.5 laser ablationpreparation technique
33、 which uses a laser to vaporize a graphite target to create a carbon plume, which is the precursor for growth of amorphous carbon, diamond like carbon, carbon nanotubes, or fullerenesNOTE Either a continuous or pulsed laser can be used, the latter giving rise to the terms pulsed laser ablation (PLR)
34、 and pulsed laser deposition (PLD).4.1.6 liquid arcarc discharge carried out inside a liquid environment NOTE 1 For example, in water or liquid nitrogen. NOTE 2 When operated with carbon electrodes this technique provides a rich source of high quality carbon nanotubes.4.1.7 template growth growth of
35、 nanofibres/nanotubes where their direction is confined or guided by some physical template4.1.8 tip-growth modenanotube lengthening involving the lifting off of the catalyst particle from the support and its transportation to the open end of the tube end where it continues to catalyze tube growthNO
36、TE Operates when the catalyst-support interaction is weak.4.2 Materials4.2.1 nanotube chirality vector notation used to describe the way in which a graphene sheet would be rolled to form the tubeNOTE 1 Described using the chiral vector, Ch = n a1 + m a2, which connects two crystallographically equiv
37、alent sites on the graphene sheet (where a1 and a2 are unit vectors from an atom to the next nearest neighbouring atoms in the regular hexagonal honeycomb lattice, and n and m are integers). Each nanotube topology is usually characterized by these two integer numbers (n,m), thus defining some peculi
38、ar symmetries such as armchair (n,n) and zigzag (n,0) classes.NOTE 2 The chirality of a nanotube determines its electronic properties, i.e. metallic or semiconducting. BSI 2007 5PAS 134:20074.2.2 armchairnanotubes with chiral vector, where n = mNOTE See nanotube chirality, 4.2.1.4.2.3 zigzag carbon
39、nanotube nanotube whose chiral vector is (n, 0), and has mirror symmetry4.2.4 carbon nanofibre (CNF) carbon filament with a diameter in the nanoscale NOTE Technically, this includes nanotubes, but recently the term has been used to describe fibres that consist of graphitic layers which are not paral
40、lel to the fibre axis.4.2.5 nanoscalesize range from approximately 1 nm to 100 nmNOTE 1 Properties that are not extrapolations from larger size will typically, but not exclusively, be exhibited in this size range.NOTE 2 The lower limit in this definition (approximately 1 nm) has no physical signific
41、ance but is introduced to avoid single and small groups of atoms from being designated as nano-objects or elements of nanostructures, which might be implied by the absence of a lower limit. ISO/TS 276871)4.2.6 carbon nanotube (CNT) nanotube consisting of carbonNOTE This term is commonly used to refe
42、r to a seamless tube constructed from graphene that can be either a single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT), comprising a single layer of carbon atoms, or a multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT), comprising multiple concentric tubes.4.2.7 cup-stackedtype of structure of carbon nanofibre with the appearance
43、 of a series of conical graphene cups stacked along its axisNOTE Sometimes called Herringbone.4.2.8 double wall carbon nanotube (DWCNT)carbon nanotube consisting of two concentric single wall carbon nanotubes4.2.9 multi wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT)carbon nanotube consisting of two or more concentric
44、 single wall carbon nanotubes4.2.10 nanohornnanoscale cone with a curved axisPAS 71:2005, definition 3.18 4.2.11 dahlia likeaggregate of nanohorns arranged with the appearance of a dahlia (flower) 4.2.12 bud likeaggregate of nanohorns arranged in the shape of a flower bud4.2.13 single wall nanohorn
45、(SW-NH)nanohorn comprising one layer of carbon atoms1)In preparation.PAS 134:20076 BSI 20075Carbon films5.1 Synthesis5.1.1 cathodic vacuum arcuse of a vacuum arc on a carbon cathode to produce a high temperature carbon plasma which condenses on a substrate to produce a film NOTE This is a type of ar
46、c discharge, see 4.1.1.5.1.2 electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) CVDuse of a low pressure, high density plasma generated by a microwave coupled with a magnetic field to promote chemical dissociation of carbon containing gases to provide a source of excited carbon atoms for film formation on a substra
47、teNOTE This is a type of plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition system.5.1.3 electron cyclotron wave resonance (ECWR)high density plasma source for plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition comprising a single-turn inductively-coupled radio frequency discharge with static transverse magnetic fi
48、eldNOTE This is typically used for the preparation of amorphous carbon and diamond-like carbon thin films.5.1.4 filtered cathodic vacuum arc (FCVA)cathodic vacuum arc deposition system incorporating a magnetic and/or mechanical filter to produce a coating flux that is essentially free of macropartic
49、les NOTE One possible realization is the s-bend filter using two curved torroidal filters, widely used for the deposition of tetrahedral amorphous carbon. films.5.1.5 plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD)chemical vapour deposition where the gas is decomposed using a plasma NOTE The plasma can be generated using direct current (DC-PECVD), radio frequency (RF-PECVD) or microwave (MW-PECVD) energy. This is a common technique for the synthesising amorphous carbon, diamond like carbon, carbon nanotubes and
