1、 _ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising ther
2、efrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2013 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this
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4、70 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/AIR1116BAEROSPACE INFORMATION REPORT AIR1116 REV. B Issued 1969-07 Noncurrent 19
5、99-11 Reaf Nonc 2007-11 Stabilized 2013-06Superseding AIR1116A Fluid Properties RATIONALE This document has been determined to contain basic and stable technology which is not dynamic in nature. STABILIZED NOTICE This document has been declared “Stabilized“ by the A-6C3 Fluids Committee, and will no
6、 longer be subjected to periodic reviews for currency. Users are responsible for verifying references and continued suitability of technical requirements. Newer technology may exist. Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitt
7、ed without license from IHS-,-,-1. SCOPE:This report summarizes data relative to liquid fluids and their properties which are of interest to Aerospace Fluid Power technologists.2. FLUID CHARACTERISTICS:This section discusses and defines those fluid properties that are commonly used in fluid power sy
8、stem design. It should be noted that the values listed in the tabulation are average properties and in the case of a specification fluid where there is permissable range they can vary within that range. In the case of practically all fluids, they will also tend to vary somewhat from batch to batch.
9、The specification or the fluid manufacturer should be consulted for the limits of this variation.2.1 Test Sources:2.1.1 ASTM Tests: For many of the fluid properties, which are tabulated in Addendum 1, standardized tests have been developed by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). In
10、 the discussion of the properties the number assigned to the test for that property is shown, e.g., ASTM D-286 for Self-Ignition Temperature.2.1.2 Federal Test Method Standard No. 791: In addition to the ASTM tests many of the properties are also covered by one of the tests listed in the Federal Sta
11、ndard. In some cases Federal Standard Tests exist for properties not covered by ASTM tests.2.2 Definition of Properties:These properties are grouped by their basic nature and are in the same sequence as in the tabulation.2.2.1 Density (ASTM D-1298 or D-941): Density is the mass of a unit volume of t
12、he fluid and, unless otherwise stated, is in grams per milliliter at 77 F. It is used particularly in calculations of system weight, Reynolds number, and viscosity.2.2.2 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (ASTM D-1250): The Coefficient of Thermal Expansion is the change in volume of a unit volume per
13、degree of temperature change. The ASTM Method indicated is intended for use with petroleum base fluids and does not cover synthetic fluids. A low coefficient of thermal expansion is particularly desirable for a fluid used in a system which is required to operate over a wide temperature range, as it
14、will minimize the fluid capacity that must be provided for changes in system volume. It is generally expressed as cu. in./cu. in./F, however many fluid manufacturers report the value in cc/cc/F, which is the same number.SAE AIR1116B Page 2 of 21_ Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under lic
15、ense with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-2.2.3 Viscosity (ASTM D-445): Viscosity is that bulk property of a fluid, semi-fluid, or semi-solid substance which causes it to resist flow. Fluid systems and components have conflicting requirements as
16、to high or low viscosity. A high viscosity provides strong lubricating films and reduces internal leakage. Low viscosity results in reduced pressure loss in lines in components, less heating, and more rapid control response.Viscosity () in the normal, that is Newtonian, sense is often called dynamic
17、 or absolute viscosity. Dynamic viscosity is defined by the equation:“F/A“ is the shear stress, “v“ the velocity, “ds“ the thickness of an element measured perpendicular to the direction of flow: is known as the rate of shear.The c.g.s unit is the poise (dyne sec/cm2), the M.K.S. unit is the Poiseui
18、lle (Newton sec/m2), which is equal to the S.I. (International System unit) (1 N sec M-2= 10 poise). The English unit is the Reyn (lb sec/in2).Viscosity is also stated in terms of Saybolt Universal Seconds (S.S.U), which is related to centipoises as follows:where = dynamic viscosity in centipoiset =
19、 Saybolt Universal Seconds = Specific gravityKinematic or Static viscosity () is the ratio of dynamic viscosity to density at a specified temperature and pressure.The c.g.s. unit is the Stoke (cm2/sec).The English unit is the Newt (in2/sec).The S.I. Unit is m2s-1= 106centistokes2.2.3.1 Conversion of
20、 Kinematic Viscosity to Saybolt Universal Seconds (ASTM D-446): For values of dynamic viscosity below 70 centistokes at fluid temperatures of 100 F and 210 F the conversion to S.S.U. units is non-linear and the following factors can be used - 100 F cs x 4.635, 210 F cs x 4.667.FA-dsdv-=dvds- .0022 t
21、1.80t- 100=-=SAE AIR1116B Page 3 of 21_ Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-2.2.4 Viscosity Index (ASTM D-2270): Viscosity Index is a measure of a fluids change of viscosity with temperat
22、ure. The higher the viscosity index the smaller the relative change in viscosity with temperature. Two different indices are used. The earlier usage, according to Dean and Davis, applies to fluids having a V.I. from 0 to 100. It compares the fluid with two reference fluids having a V.I. of 0 and of
23、100. V.I. (extended) applies to fluids having a V.I. of at least 100. It compares the fluid with a reference fluid with a V.I. of 100.2.2.4.1 Viscosity Temperature Coefficient (V.T.C.): The Viscosity Temperature Coefficient is an indication of the degree of viscosity change with temperature.whereV1=
24、 Viscosity in CS at 210 FV2= Viscosity in CS at 100 FA low VTC indicates less change of viscosity and a high value indicates a greater change.2.2.5 Bulk Modulus: The Bulk Modulus is a measure of the degree of compressibility of a fluid and is the reciprocal of compressibility. It is usually expresse
25、d in pounds per square inch. The higher the bulk modulus, the stiffer is the fluid. The natural frequency of many systems is nearly proportional to the square root of the bulk modulus, and therefore, a high bulk modulus is generally desirable for servomechanisms to obtain faster response, more accur
26、ate positioning, better stability, and a higher system spring rate.Bulk modulus varies with both temperature and pressure. Values used must be representative of the operating conditions in the using system, therefore they must indicate both temperature and pressure applicability. The values listed i
27、n the tabulation do not indicate pressure and can be used only as an indication of the relative bulk modulus of the various fluids. For system design purposes the fluid manufacturers curves should be consulted.In addition to the variation of bulk modulus with temperature and pressure, several means
28、of expressing the property have been developed. In the tabulation secant bulk modulus values are listed.Secant Bulk Modulus is defined as the total change in fluid pressure divided by the total change in fluid volume per unit of the initial volume under pressure.Tangent Bulk Modulus P x V is defined
29、 as the change of fluid pressure with respect to volume change. Both of these values may be calculated isothermally or adiabatically. The adiabatic values more closely match the thermo-dynamics of a hydraulic system.Dynamic Bulk Modulus , determined by sound propogation, is defined as the product of
30、 the mass fluid density () and the square of the speed of sound (vs) through the fluid.VTC 1V1V2-=VoPoP1VoV1-vs2SAE AIR1116B Page 4 of 21_ Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-2.2.6 Neutra
31、lization Number (ASTM D-974 or Fed. Method 5105): The neutralization number is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a fluid. It is defined as milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the acidity in one gram of fluid or the equivalent of the basicity expressed in a similar manner.
32、A low neutralization number is not necessarily a reliable index of the corrosivity of a fluid, but a change in acidity or basicity is often used as a measure of deterioration of a fluid in use. With colored fluids, such as MIL-H-5606, ASTM method D-664 is often used.2.2.7 Thermal Conductivity: Therm
33、al Conductivity is a measure of the quantity of heat that will flow in a unit time through a unit area and thickness having a difference in temperature between its face. It is particularly useful in determining the heat transfer characteristics of a system.2.2.8 Specific Heat: Specific Heat is the a
34、mount of heat (BTU) required to raise the temperature of a unit mass (lb.) of the fluid one degree F as some specified temperature.2.2.9 Specific Heat Ratio: Specific Heat Ratio (K) is the ratio of the specific heat of a material at constant pressure (Cp) and the specific heat at constant volume (Cv
35、).2.2.10 Pour Point (ASTM D-97): Pour Point is the lowest temperature at which a fluid will pour or flow under specified conditions. It is usually expressed in 5 F increments and is, in effect, the temperature approximately 5 F above the temperature at which no flow or movement is observed in 5 seco
36、nds. In general, it is considered to be the low limit of pumpability, however, the practical limit is somewhat higher.2.2.11 Freezing Point: Freezing Point is the temperature at which a liquid solidifies at standard atmospheric pressure. At pressures other than one standard atmosphere the freezing p
37、oint varies. Freezing characteristics must be determined for each pure fluid, solution, or mixture. The test for freezing point of aircraft fuels is defined and specified in ASTM D-2386. For high purity compounds ASTM D-1015 is an acceptable method.2.2.12 Boiling Point: The Boiling Point is the temp
38、erature at which a liquid vaporizes at standard atmospheric pressure. At pressures other than one standard atmosphere the boiling point varies. The boiling point increases with increased pressure for pure fluids. The boiling points of fluid solutions and mixtures vary greatly with solution and mixtu
39、re proportions, as well as with pressure. ASTM D-86 is used to determine the distillation range of jet fuels and certain other petroleum products. ASTM D-1160 describes one distillation method at reduced pressure for heavy petroleum products. Other methods may also be used to determine this data.2.2
40、.13 Flash Point (ASTM D-92): The Flash Point is the temperature to which a combustible fluid must be heated at one standard atmosphere to give off sufficient vapor to form momentarily a flammable mixture with air when a small flame is applied under specified conditions. The test method is referred t
41、o as “Cleveland Open Cup“ and the result is expressed in increments of 5 F.SAE AIR1116B Page 5 of 21_ Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-2.2.14 Fire Point (ASTM D-92): Fire Point is the
42、temperature to which a fluid must be heated at one standard atmosphere so that the released vapor will burn continuously when ignited under specified conditions. There is also a closed cup (Pensky-Martens) test used for determining flash and fire points, particularly for heavy fuel oils and other hi
43、ghly viscous materials. The ASTM designation is D93. Due to the concentration of vapor evolved the value determined is somewhat lower than that with the Cleveland Open Cup.2.2.15 Spontaneous Ignition Temperature (ASTM D-2155 or D-286): The spontaneous or autogenous ignition temperature is often used
44、 as a measure of the flammability characteristics of a fluid. It is one of the basic indices used in evaluating the fire resistance of a fluid and is the temperature at which ignition of a fluid takes place with a source of ignition being provided.Method D-286 produces data which are extremely susce
45、ptible to test conditions and has been obsoleted and replaced by D-2155. However, this method is more difficult to handle, therefore,D-286 is still reported. A new method called the Phoenix AIT (Phoenix Chemical Laboratory, Inc.) sponsored by the Air Force Materials Laboratory, is currently under co
46、nsideration by the ASTM.The tabulated data are all understood to be based on D-286. As data based on D-2155 are added they will be indicated by an asterisk (*), and data based on Phoenix AIT by a double asterisk (*).2.2.16 Critical Temperature and Critical Pressure: Critical Temperature is that temp
47、erature above which a fluid cannot be held in a liquid state by pressure alone. The pressure under which a fluid may exist as a gas in equilibrium with the liquid at the critical temperature is the Critical Pressure.2.2.17 Critical Volume: Critical Volume is the volume occupied by a unit mass of a fluid at its critical temperature and pressure. It is stated in the tabulation in cubic feet per pound.2.2.18 Surface Tension (ASTM D
