1、_SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising theref
2、rom, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.Copyright 2015 SAE InternationalAll rights reserved. No part of this publi
3、cation may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE.TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada)Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (out
4、side USA)Fax: 724-776-0790Email: CustomerServicesae.orgSAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedbackon this Technical Report, please visithttp:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/AIR1898AAEROSPACEINFORMATION REPORTAIR1898REV. AIssued 1992-06Revised 1998-12Reaffirmed 2015-
5、10Superseding AIR1898Maintenance of Batteries and Battery Charging and Servicing FacilitiesRATIONALEAIR1898A has been reaffirmed to comply with the SAE five-year review policy.1. SCOPE:This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) covers, and is restricted to, hands-on servicing/maintenance of industr
6、ial lead acid batteries used solely for motive power and exclusively for ground support equipment (GSE). It does not address or pertain to automotive-type SLI (starting-lighting-ignition) batteries or any other types of batteries (such as nickel-cadmium, zinc, or lithium batteries) which may be on-b
7、oard airport GSE for either motive power or auxiliary uses. Similarly, the battery servicing and charging facilities described herein are those intended exclusively for industrial lead acid batteries.1.1 Purpose:This AIR is intended to provide basic information on proper procedures and facilities fo
8、r handling, charging, and otherwise servicing and maintaining motive power lead acid batteries used in airport GSE. Adherence to these guidelines can help maximize battery life and performance, as well as the overall efficiency and effectiveness of electric GSE at airports. This document also descri
9、bes (physical) battery servicing facilities in the airport environment.2. REFERENCES:1. “Standards for Deep Cycle Battery Chargers” BCI-I-4 Battery Council Int. Standard. “Material Handling (Industrial Truck) Battery Chargers” Standards Publication PV6 1976 and “Determination of Capacity of Lead Aci
10、d Industrial Storage Batteries for Motive Power Service,” Standard Publication IB 2 1974 National Electrical Manufacturers Association, Washington, D.C.2.1 Applicable Documents:This document is based on, and should be both complemented and supplemented by, the detailed instructions/recommended pract
11、ices and procedures of the manufacturers and/or suppliers of batteries, chargers, vehicles, and servicing/maintenance facility components. Similarly, this document should be considered in the context of applicable federal, state, and local health, safety, fire, and other pertinent regulations, which
12、 are predominant. In particular, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Regulations 1926.403 and 1910.178 specify the federal requirements concerning safe care and charging of storage batteries.2.2 Definitions:The following words and terms are most often associated with industrial lead
13、 acid batteries, and should be familiar to personnel responsible for proper battery maintenance:AMPERE (AMP or A): A unit of measurement of electrical current. The current forced through a resistance of 1 by a potential of 1 V is equal to 1 A.AMPERE-HOUR (Ah) CAPACITY: Ampere-Hour capacity is the nu
14、mber of ampere-hours which a storage battery can deliver under specified conditions such as temperature, rate of discharge, and final voltage.NOTE: For the purpose of this standard, ampere-hour capacity is determined by a 6 h rate discharge cycle.CONNECTORS: Molded strips of lead that connect the po
15、sts over the top of the cover, where multi-ple cells are used.CURRENT: The flow of electricity, normally expressed in amperes.CYCLE: The cycle of a storage cell or battery is the discharge and subsequent charge of the cell or battery to restore the initial conditions. Life cycle or useful life is th
16、e number of times a battery can be discharged-charged before it fails to deliver a minimum of 80% of its rated 6 h capacity.DEEP DISCHARGE: Removal of up to 80% of the rated capacity of the battery; in practice, it is sug-gested that a maximum 80% depth-of-discharge be considered the maximum deep di
17、scharge level of a battery, even if it is rated at 100% discharge.DIRECT CURRENT (DC): A direct current is a unidirectional current in which the changes in value are either zero or so small that they may be neglected.ELECTROLYTE (Component of a Cell): An electrolyte is a conducting medium in which t
18、he flow of electric current takes place by the migration of ions. (The electrolyte for a lead-acid storage cell is an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid.)SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR1898A 2 OF 122.2 (Continued):ENERGY DENSITY: The ratio of battery energy content in watt-hours to battery weight or volume.HYD
19、ROMETER: An instrument used to measure electrolyte density or specific gravity.KILOWATT-HOUR (kWh) Watthour Capacity 1000: The number of watt-hours that can bedelivered under specified conditions as to temperature, rate of discharge, and final voltage.RATED CAPACITY: The rated capacity of a storage
20、battery is the number of ampere-hours and/or watt-hours which it is capable of delivering when fully charged and under specified conditions oftemperature, rate of discharge, final voltage, and specific gravity.SPECIFIC GRAVITY (of Electrolyte): The specific gravity of an electrolyte is the ratio of
21、the weight of a given volume of electrolyte to the weight of an equal volume of water at a specified temperature.VOLT (V): A unit of electromotive force; each battery cell produces approximately 2 V.VOLTMETER: An instrument for measuring battery cells voltage output.WATT (W) (1) (General): The unit
22、of power in the International System of units (SI). The Watt is the power required to do work at the rate of 1 joule per second.WATT-HOUR (Wh): The measure of energy or work accomplished; the product of the rate of work in watts and the time in hours, or the product of ampere-hours x average voltage
23、.3. LIMITATIONS:This document is intended as a basic battery maintenance guideline only, and should not supersede battery or charger manufacturers detailed installation, handling, charging, and maintenance instructions. Service-related problems with batteries, chargers, vehicles, and components that
24、 cannot be solved on the job or in on-site maintenance shops should be referred to the manufacturers or their authorized representatives.4. GENERAL BACKGROUND:Battery-powered, or electric, GSE is utilized throughout the world by major passenger airlines, regional carriers, fixed-base operators (FBOs
25、), air cargo lines, and the military. It may be used in conjunction with, or in place of, fossil-fuel-powered GSE.The most widely used types of electric GSE on airport ramps are pushout (tow) tractors, baggage tractors, belt loaders, and cargo transporters and loaders. Many forklift trucks used in o
26、ff-ramp baggage handling areas are also battery-powered. Cabin-service vehicles, personnel carriers, and other types of GSE may also be battery-powered. A wide range of battery sizes are available to equip these vehicles.SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR1898A 3 OF 124.1 Electricity Demands:There are recent inst
27、ances at several airports where there is a shortage electric capacity or utility power lines to provide sufficient power for battery charging. This is now being actively addressed by local power companies and airport authorities.4.2 Charging Regimes:There are basically two regimes for charging batte
28、ries:a. Opportunity - (Prior to selecting this charging regime, the battery manufacturer should be consulted to ensure that a properly matched charger is used, i.e., smart charger)b. DemandThe opportunity method is for active vehicles meaning charging batteries on the vehicle (no removal of battery
29、required) whenever there is a lull in the vehicles duty cycles. The other method is demand charging, meaning charging batteries when they have reached a maximum 80% depth of discharge (even though they may be rated at 100% depth of discharge), as indicated by the vehicles dashboard-mounted gauges an
30、d/or by actual battery capacity testing with instruments. Whenever possible, battery charging should be performed at night, when activity is normally slow at airports and the significant economies of off-peak-generated electricity may be realized. Details regarding charging regimes may be found in 7
31、.2.5. BATTERY PRINCIPLES:5.1 General Electrochemistry:When two dissimilar materials, in this case lead peroxide and elemental lead, are immersed in a solution of sulfuric acid and water (known as the electrolyte) within a battery, an electromotive force of approximately 2 V per cell is generated. Ba
32、tteries attain their maximum voltage rating by grouping many cells together, thus creating batteries of 24 V (12 cells), 36 V (18 cells), 48 V, 72 V, and so on.5.2 Discharge Cycle:The electrolyte reacts with the lead peroxide in the positive plates and the elemental lead in the negative plates to fo
33、rm lead sulfate on both sets of plates. At the same time, the oxygen from the lead peroxide is disassociated from the positive plates and combines with the hydrogen from the sulfuric acid to form water. As this reaction continues, both the positive and the negative plates become less and less dissim
34、ilar, and the sulfuric acid becomes more and more diluted; eventually, the battery becomes discharged in this manner. This reaction, coupled with the pounds of lead and the pounds of sulfuric acid, produce the rated capacity of the battery, which may be measured in kilowatt hours (kWh) or ampere hou
35、rs (Amp hours or Ah). The energy available from a battery at any given time is affected by the rate at which energy is discharged from the battery.SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR1898A 4 OF 125.3 Charge Cycle:By introducing an electric current back into the battery via connecting it to a properly-sized charger
36、, the same chemical reaction that is responsible for discharge is reversed and the battery is charged. In other words, the positive plates are restored to lead peroxide, the negative plates to elemental lead, and the electrolyte to its original concentration.6. BATTERY MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES:The fol
37、lowing procedures should be followed whenever handling batteries, whether during normal charging, regularly scheduled periodic maintenance, or specific repair situations:a. Protective clothing, including eye shields (preferably full face shields) and aprons are required during topping-up procedures.
38、 If electrolyte accidently comes in contact with the skin, flush promptly with water. Battery maintenance areas are also required to be equipped with certain safety devices - a fire extinguisher, an eye wash basin, and a shower (which should be located nearby). It is also highly recommended that a p
39、lacard of basic on-the-job safety procedures be clearly displayed in all battery charging/maintenance areas.b. Keep batteries cool and dry. Never store, use, or charge batteries near open flames, sparks, smoking materials, or sources of excessive heat or moisture.c. Check fluid (water-acid electroly
40、te) level periodically if using a battery requiring regular maintenance. If necessary, add only approved water (usually distilled or low-mineral-content water), filling each cell (through its opening) to no more than the manufacturers recommended level, or via the single-point watering port on batte
41、ries constructed in this manner. Water should be added when the battery is fully charged, otherwise, expansion may cause corrosive and potentially harmful acid to spill over during the charging cycle; also, hydrogen gassing levels could exceed the norm.NOTE: This level-checking and, if necessary, “t
42、opping up“ of the electrolyte refers only to traditional vented, liquid electrolyte batteries. Sealed batteries (often called reduced-maintenance or maintenance-free batteries) obviously do not require much, if any, regular user maintenance. It is not advisable for users to add sulfuric acid to batt
43、eries; in infrequent instances when test readings indicate insufficient electrolyte concentration, consult manufacturers instructions.d. Shut off all incoming power and disconnect the battery from the charger before servicing batteries or chargers. Assure that all other connections are clean, tight,
44、 and well insulated.e. Do not overcharge batteries. Follow manufacturers guidelines. Overcharging can be just as damaging to batteries as undercharging.f. Adequate ventilation (especially above batteries) is mandatory when charging to allow dilute gases to escape and be disposed of safely (hydrogen
45、gas is liberated during the charging cycle and is explosive). Simple hoods above battery-chargers and exhaust blowers-vents often suffice.SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR1898A 5 OF 126. (Continued):g. Monitor battery condition regularly and record the electrolyte specific gravity (hydrometer reading) and volta
46、ge output (voltmeter reading) of each cell. Check these readings against the norms, promptly investigating the cause of large and/or frequent variations from the norms as specified by the manufacturers. A well-organized maintenance record book should be kept so that all personnel involved can access
47、 accurate, up-to-date, battery information quickly. Good record-keeping may also prove invaluable should warranty claims need to be made or should major repairs be indicated. Specific gravity readings for battery cells are as follows:(1) Full charge: 1.275 to 1.320 (some high gravity batteries might
48、 have readings in excess of 1.320)(2) Medium charge: 1.240 to 1.275(3) Low charge: 1.200 to 1.240(4) Fully discharged: 1.100 to 1.140h. Keep vent plugs tightly in place and free of foreign matter when batteries are in service or charging.i. Clean external battery case periodically with sodium bicarb
49、onate (household baking soda) and water solution; use a stiff scrub brush if corrosion is heavy on the battery casing. It is preferable to allow battery to dry thoroughly before placing back in service, but some types of batteries can be used immediately after washing.CAUTION: Avoid ingestion of cleaner into the battery.NOTE: Sealed lead acid batteries, because they are unvented, should not require external case maintenan
