1、 AEROSPACE INFORMATION REPORT Air Quality for Commercial Aircraft Cabin Particulate Contaminants Issued 2005-02 AIR4766/1 FOREWORDParticulate contamination is one of the factors affecting the air quality in aircraft cabins. The potential sources of particulate contaminants are: Ambient air depending
2、 on geographical location of the airport or airport activity. Engine bleed air: combustion products, semi-volatile and non-volatile materials from aircraft operation. Passenger activity: skin flakes, hair, possibly bacteria and viruses, environmental tobacco smoke, food. Aircraft material: fabric fi
3、bers from seat and carpet. Airline operation: insecticides, cleaning, maintenance activities. High efficiency particulate air filters (HEPA filters) are effective for removing particulates, including tobacco smoke, aerosols, bacteria and viruses. Particulate contaminant levels in the cabin air are u
4、sually low and safe under normal conditions.However, pathogens (virus, bacteria, spores), allergens (cat fur, molds), semi to non-volatile chemicals, or tobacco smoke, may affect passenger and crew comfort or health. Reaffirmed 2011-01SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is
5、 published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each tec
6、hnical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2011 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in a
7、ny form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: h
8、ttp:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedbackon this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/AIR4766/1SAE AIR4766/1 - 2 - TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE 3 1.1 Purpose3 2. REFERENCES.3 2.1 Applicable Documents .3 2.2 Definitions 8 2.3 Acronyms .10 3. AIR QUALITY
9、REGULATIONS12 4. SOURCES AND TYPES OF CONTAMINANTS 13 4.1 Types and Size Ranges of Contaminants13 4.2 Potential Sources.145. METHODS OF CONTROL.17 5. 1 Control of Particulate Ingestion or Concentration 17 5.2 Dilution .18 5.3 Removal Methods 18 6. RECIRCULATION FILTERS.19 6.1 Filter Location.19 6.2
10、Efficiency20 6.3 Differential Pressure.266.4 Filter Loading .26 6.5 Dust Holding Capacity26 6.6 Filter Test Methods 286.7 Filter Classification.29 6.8 Filter Behaviors 30 7. OTHER PARTICULATE AND BIOCONTAMINANT CONTROL ISSUES 31 7.1 Filter Element Removal and Disposal 31 7.2 Best Practices for Cabin
11、 Particulate Cleaning .32 8. SUMMARY.32 SAE AIR4766/1 - 3 - 1. SCOPE: This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) covers airbone particulate contaminants that may be present in commercial aircraft cabin air during operation. Discussions cover sources of contaminants, methods of control and design re
12、commendations. Air quality, ventilation requirements and standards are also discussed. 1.1 Purpose: This document covers design information regarding particulate contaminants in commercial aircraft. This document provides information on Environmental Control System (ECS), particulate contamination (
13、solid and liquid phases), bleed and recirculated air andcontrol methods including ventilation used to design and maintain cabin air environments. 2. REFERENCES: 2.1 Applicable Documents: The following publications form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE p
14、ublications shall apply. The applicable issue of other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In the event of conflict between the text of this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, s
15、upersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained. 2.1.1 SAE Publications: Available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.ARP85 Air Conditioning Systems for Subsonic Airplanes ARP1270 Aircrft Cabin Pressurization Control Criteria AIR1609 A
16、ircraft Humidification ARP4418 Procedure for Sampling and Measurement of Engine Generated Contaminants in Bleed Air Supplies from Aircraft Engines Under Normal Operating Conditions SAE AIR4766/1 - 4 - 2.1.2 FAA Publications: Available from Federal Aviation Administration, 800 Independence Avenue, SW
17、, Washington, DC 20591. FAA Advisory Circular AC 25-22, 3/14/00, “Certification of Transport Airplane Mechanical Systems“, Initiated by ANM-110 FAA Advisory Circular AC 25-7A, 3/31/98, “Flight Test Guide for Certification of Transport Category Airplanes“, Initiated by ANM-110 FAA Order 8110.4B, Apri
18、l 24, 2000, “Type Certification“, Initiated by AIR110 U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 14, Federal Aviation Regulation, Part 25- “Transport Category Airplanes“ U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 14, Part 121- “Transport Category Airplanes“ U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 29, Occu
19、pational Safety and Health Administration, 1910.1000- “Air Contaminants“ 2.1.3 U.S. Government Publications: U.S. Department of Transportation, DOT-P-15-89-5, 1989, “Airliner Cabin Environment“ Available from U.S. Department of Transportation, 400 7th Street, SW, Washington DC 20590 National Academy
20、 of Sciences, ISBN 0-309-08289-7, 2002, “The Airliner Cabin Environment and the Health of Passengers and Crew” - Available from The National Academy of Sciences, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001 2.1.4 JAA Publications: Available from JAA: www.jaa.nl JAR 25.831 (ACJ 25.831) 2.1.5 EASA Publi
21、cations: Available from EASA: www.easa.eu.int EASA Certification Specification - 25 2.1.6 Military Standards: Available from DODSSP: http:/assist.daps.mil/online/start MIL-STD-282 - 1995 Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Component and Related Products: Performance-Test Methods SAE AIR4766/
22、1 - 5 - 2.1.7 Other Standards: ASTM D 6399-99 “Standard guide for selecting instruments and methods for measuring air quality in aircraft cabins“, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. ASHRAE 52-1 - 1992 -“ Gravimetic and dust-spot procedures for testing air-cleaning devices used in general ven
23、tilation for removing particulate matter”, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA. ASHRAE 52-2 - 1999 - “Method of testing general ventilation air-cleaning devices for removal efficiency by particle size”, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and
24、 Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA. ASHRAE-62 - 1999 - “Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality”, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA. ASHRAE Fundamentals, 1997, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers,
25、Atlanta, GA. MIL-STD-282 - 1995 - “Filter units, protective clothing, gas-mask components and related products: performance-test methods”. EN 779 - 1993 - “ Particulate air filters for general ventilation - Determination of the filtration performance” CEN European committee for standardization, Brus
26、sel. EN 1822 - 1998 - “High efficiency air filters (HEPA and ULPA): Part 1: Classification, performance testing, marking, Part 2: Aerosol production, measuring equipment, particle counting statistics, Part 3: Testing flat sheet media, Part 4: Determining leakage of filter element (scan method), Part
27、 5: Determining the efficiency of filter element”. EUROVENT 4/9 - 1997 - “Method of testing air filters used in general ventilation for determination of fractional efficiency”, Eurovent/Cecomaf, Paris. BS 3928 - 1969 - “Sodium flame test for air filters”, British Standards Institution, London. NFX 4
28、4 012 - 1982 - “Cleaning equipment for air and other gases - Method of testing air filters used in general ventilation”, AFNOR, Paris. SAE AIR4766/1 - 6 - 2.1.8 Other Publications: AIHA 1989, “Odor Thresholds for Chemicals with Established Occupational Health Standards“, American Industrial Hygiene
29、Association, Fairfax, VA. AFP 161-26 (TB MED 265), “Threshold Limit Values of Airborne Contaminants“, Departments of the Air Force and Army. ASHRAE STD 62-1989, “Ventilation for Acceptable Air Quality“, Published by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
30、Atlanta, GA. ASHRAE Handbook. 1993. Fundamentals. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA. ASHRAE HANDBOOK, 2000, HVAC Systems and equipment, Industrial Gas Cleaning and air pollution control ISBN 1-883413-80-X. Davies, C.N. Air Filtration. Academic Pre
31、ss. 1973. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Filters and Filtration Handbook, Elsevier Advanced Technology, 1991. Geomet: 1989. Airliner Cabin Environment: contaminant measurements, health risks, and mitigation options, US DoT, Report n DOT-P-15-89-5. Janss
32、en, J.E. 1989. Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. ASHRAE Journal 31(10):40-48.Kayser C. 1953. Aviation toxicology. New York, Toronto, The Blakiston Company, 126 pp.Leaderer, B.P. and Cain, W.S. 1983. Air Quality in Buildings During Smoking and Nonsmoking Occupancy. ASHRAE Transactions 89
33、(2B):601-613. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Code of Federal Regulations, Title 29, Subpart Z-Toxic and Hazardous Substances. National Research Council, “The Airliner Cabin Environment”, Natl Academy Press, 1986.ACGIH. 1989. Guidelines for the Assessment of Bioaerosols in the I
34、ndoor Environment. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH. SAE AIR4766/1 - 7 - 2.1.8 (Continued): Morey, P.R. 1994. Suggested Guidance on Prevention of Microbial Contamination for the Next Revision of ASHRAE Standard 62. Indoor Air Quality 94. ASHRAE. Atlanta, GA.N
35、agda, N.L. et al. 1992. Measurement of Cabin Air Quality Aboard Commercial Airlines. Atmos. Environ. 12:2203-2210.Sofrance, Technical Report, 1999 “Contamination analysis on avionic bay air “. Sulzman, F.M. and Genin, A.M. 1994. Space Biology and Medicine Vol. II: Life Support and Habitability. Join
36、t U.S./Russian Publication AIAA, Wash. D.C., Nauka Press, Moscow. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances In Workroom Air Adopted by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.- 1973 -, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Pedelty, J.F. 1995. Ventilati
37、on and Indoor Air Quality: Factors That Affect the Results.Presented at the 1995 ASHRAE Winter Meeting, Jan. 28 - Feb. 1 1995. Chicago, IL. Wever, A. 1984. Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure: Acute Effects - Acceptance Level - Protective Measures. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on
38、 Indoor Air Quality and Climate. Stockholm, Sweden. Wheeler, A.E. 1993. Better Filtration: A Prescription for Healthier Building. Indoor Air Quality 93. ASHRAE. Atlanta, GA. WHO, 1998, Tuberculosis and air travel. Rep 13/98. It should be noted that regulations and standards are periodically updated
39、and the designer should review the latest amendments. Current standards for exposure to particles are illustrated in TABLE 1. This listing is not necessarily comprehensive, however, other standards that are promulgated and reviewed by cognizant authorities may be considered. SAE AIR4766/1 - 8 - 2.2
40、Definitions: AEROSOLS: A suspension in a gaseous medium of solid particles, liquid particles or solid and liquid particles having a negligible falling velocity (ISO 1995).AIR FILTER: Component that retains contaminants present in air.AUTOMATIC PARTICLE COUNTING: Measurement of solid particle contami
41、nation in fluid by automatic means.CLOGGING: Reduction of filter porosity due to accumulation of pollutant.CONTAMINANT: Any material or combination of materials (solid, liquid or gaseous) which adversely affect system. CONTAMINATION: Introduction or presence of contaminants.DUST HOLDING CAPACITY: Am
42、ount of contaminant that can be retained by the filter up to the point at which a given differential pressure across the filter is reached.DISPOSABLE FILTER ELEMENT: Filter element that is intended to be discarded.EFFECTIVE FILTRATION AREA: Total area of the porous medium exposed to flow rate in a f
43、ilter element. FILTER: Component that retains contaminants from a fluid. FILTER CLOGGING INDICATOR: Device that indicates clogging of a filter. FILTER EFFICIENCY: Ability of a filter, expressed as a percentage, to retain contaminant under specified conditions. FRACTIONAL EFFICIENCY: Filter efficienc
44、y expressed as a percentage for a defined size of particle. PENETRATION: Percentage of particles of a defined size passing through the filter. FILTER ELEMENT: Element that ensures the retention of contaminant. FLOW: Fluid motion generated by pressure difference. FLOW RATE: Volume of fluid crossing t
45、he transverse plane of a flow path per unit of time. FLUID CONTAMINANT MIGRATION: Contaminant particles that are displaced after having been retained. SAE AIR4766/1 - 9 - 2.2 (Continued): FUME: Aerosol of solid particles generated by condensation from the gaseous state, generally after volatilizatio
46、n from melted substances and often accompanied by chemical reactions such as oxidation (ISO 1994). By extension, also the gases charged by particles resulting from a chemical process (WHO 1980, ISO 1995).LAMINAR FLOW: Flow field characterized by the sliding of fluid layers in an orderly way. MIST: S
47、uspension of droplets in a gas. NUISANCE PARTICULATE: All inert dusts, whether mineral, inorganic, or organic, not listed specifically by substance name which can be inhaled. PARTICULATE CONTAMINANT: any liquid or solid material. PARTICLE: Small discrete mass of solid or liquid matter, or in combina
48、tion. PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION: Tabular or graphical representation of the number and distribution of fluid contaminant particles according to particle size ranges. PRESSURE DROP: Pressure reduction due to resistance to flow. RECIRCULATED AIR: Air drawn out of cabin compartments and re-admitted in
49、to the aircraft cabin. TIME WEIGHTED AVERAGE: The average amount of a substance one can be exposed to over a defined period of time. VENTILATION AIR: Total amount of air including outside and recirculated air. SAE AIR4766/1 - 10 - 2.3 Acronyms: AC: Advisory Circular (FAA/JAA) ACCTD: Air Cleaner Coarse Test Dust ACFTD: Air Cleaner Fine Test Dust ACGIH: American Conference of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists ACM: Air Cycle Machine ACS: Air Conditioning System AIR: Aerospace Information Report APU: Auxiliary Power Unit ARP: Aerospace Recommen
