1、SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirelyvoluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefro
2、m, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.Copyright 2002 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.
3、A.TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: (724) 776-4970 FAX: (724) 776-0790 SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001AEROSPACE INFORMATION REPORTAIR4978REV.BIssued 1996-04Revised 2002-05Superseding AIR4978ATemporary Methodsfor Assessing the Load Carrying Capacity ofAirc
4、raft Propulsion System Lubricating OilsFOREWORDAll modern aviation propulsion system lubricant specifications contain some type of a gear scuffing/scoring test to measure the lubricants load carrying capacity, i.e., Ryder, IAE, and FZG. These tests are costly and recently have exhibited questionable
5、 reliability and availability and, in the case of the Ryder Test, complete unavailability because of a lack of a test gear source.There are very large databases (from the past 30 plus years) for these tests and they form the basis for judging on the effectiveness of various products in controlling s
6、cuffing or scoring. For this reason, there are some strong ties to these devices. However, because of the expense of running these tests and because of the limited utility of the data generated regarding hardware design, there is little support to reestablish these tests to their former role. Althou
7、gh limited efforts may restore some capacity to perform these tests, the long-term perspective is to develop new methods based on the abundance of tribology research that has and is being done.The continued use of the these gear type tests is considered at best tenuous and the development of new met
8、hods to completely replace the old methods is far term. Thus, there is a need to have test methods for the interim and that is the purpose of this document.INTRODUCTIONThis SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is intended as a guide toward standard practices during a period when the ability to per
9、form previously used lubricant load carrying test methods, such as Ryder and IAE, is severely limited. The methods presented herein are the result of communication among lubricant formulators, hardware designers, lubricant specialists, tribologists, lubricant specification writers, and lubricant use
10、rs. These methods do not necessarily have a definitive correlation with the previously used test devices but rather provide a ranking relationship for oils of different load carrying classes as defined by those devices. As such, they can be used to generate data to assist in making judgments regardi
11、ng qualification and batch approval of lubricants formulated with current state-of-the-art basestocks and additives which have a long service history. They should not be used for making judgments or decisions of any kind for oil formulation chemistry with no or little previous load carrying data and
12、 service experience.Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-SAE AIR4978 Revision B- 2 -INTRODUCTION (Continued)The methods contained in this document consist of those which have been submitted
13、to SAE Committee E-34 and which have been agreed by the committee to be consistent with the intended purpose.1. SCOPE:1.1 Purpose:To present methods which, according to the consensus of the aviation propulsion community represented by SAE Committee E-34, allow the continued assessment of load carryi
14、ng capacity of current chemistry products during periods of limited or nonavailability of previously used standardized methods.1.2 Field of Application:The methods listed in this document are intended to provide a means of generating data which can be used as a guide for making decisions against the
15、 backdrop of load capacity databases (Ryder, IAE, FZG) and experiences available on chemically similar oils used for lubrication of aircraft propulsion and power drive systems.2. REFERENCES:2.1 Applicable Documents:The following publications form a part of this document to the extent specified herei
16、n. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicable issue of other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In the event of conflict between the text of this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing
17、in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained.2.1.1 ASTM Publications: Available from ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.ASTM D 5001 Measurement of Lubricity of Aviation Turbine Fuels by the Ball-on-Cyli
18、nder Lubricity Evaluator (BOCLE)ASTM D 5182-91 Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Scuffing (Scoring) Load Capacity of OilsCopyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-SAE AIR4978 Revision B- 3
19、-3. METHOD SELECTION:3.1 Process for Approving Test Methods:Methods will be submitted to Committee E-34 with data showing their relationship to a standardized load capacity test previously used for aviation propulsion system lubricants. The method should: a) Be affordable, i.e., cost no more than th
20、e currently used methods; b) Have adequate sources of test specimens; c) Separate oil performance according to the currently accepted load carrying classes as determined by databases for standardized load carrying test methods.The Committee will review a method and supporting data and a) give tentat
21、ive approval, b) give guidance for changes or for additional data to make a method acceptable, or c) reject a method as outside the scope of this document.Use of a tentatively approved method will generate a broader database for the particular method and the committee will review the data and experi
22、ence on this method at each meeting. Full approval for inclusion in the document, suggestions to improve the method or rejection of the method could result from these reviews.This document and process will remain in effect until the committee decides there is no longer a need for alternate methods o
23、f assessing load carrying capacity of aviation propulsion system lubricants.3.2 Methods:The methods listed below received tentative approval for use under the terms of this document by SAE Committee E-34 on July 17, 2001.a. Modified ASTM D 5182-91 Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Scuffing (Sc
24、oring) Load Capacity of Oils (Appendix A)b. Rolls Royce Tribology Evaluator to Determine the Lubricating Quality of Aviation Turbine Oils (Appendix B)c. Test Method for Prediction of Scuffing Load Capacity by the Gear Oil Scuff Test (GOST) Apparatus (Appendix C)d. WAM Economical Load Capacity Screen
25、ing Test (Appendix D)e. WAM High Speed Load Capacity Test Method (Appendix E)The methods listed in this AIR may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. The AIR does not pupport to address all of the safety issues associated with the use of the methods. It is the responsibility of the
26、 user of this AIR and methods to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.PREPARED UNDER THE JURISDICTION OFSAE COMMITTEE E-34, PROPULSION LUBRICANTSCopyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot f
27、or ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-SAE AIR4978 Revision B- 4 -APPENDIX AMODIFIED ASTM D 5182-91 STANDARD METHODFOR EVALUATING SCUFFING/SCORING LOAD CAPACITYOF AVIATION PROPULSION SYSTEM OILSThe gear load-carrying capacity test will be conducted in accordance
28、with ASTM D 5182-91 modified as follows:The FZG test speed shall be 1760 rpm rather than 1450 rpm.The failure criteria is reached when the summed total width of scuffing/scoring/adhesive wear damage from all 16 teeth is estimated to equal or exceed two gear tooth widths (40 mm) rather than one gear
29、tooth width (20 mm).Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-SAE AIR4978 Revision B- 5 -APPENDIX BROLLS ROYCE TRIBOLOGY EVALUATOR METHOD TO DETERMINE THE LUBRICATINGQUALITY OF AVIATION TURBINE O
30、ILSB.1 SCOPE/BACKGROUND:Lubricant load carrying performance is an important parameter when considering evaluation/approval of a lubricant type for a specific application. The test methods currently in use within the aviation propulsion industry for assessing compliance with specification requirement
31、s are the Ryder and the IAE gear tests.The Rolls-Royce tribology evaluator is a device used to rate the relative lubricating quality of aviation turbine oils. Employing ball-on-cylinder philosophy, a nonrotating steel ball is held in a vertically mounted chuck and forced against an axially mounted s
32、teel cylinder with an applied load. The test cylinder is rotated at a fixed speed while being partially immersed in the fluid reservoir. This maintains the cylinder in a wet condition and continuously transports a film of test fluid to the ball/cylinder interface. The wear scar generated on the test
33、 ball is a measure of the fluid lubricating properties.B.2 TYPES OF WEAR:Using this apparatus, the two distinct types of wear mechanisms most commonly seen in oil system components, namely mild and scuffing wear, can be reproduced and studied. Only a scuffing wear test method is included in this doc
34、ument.B.2.1 Mild Wear:As the test cylinder rotates, the lubricant is continuously transported to the ball/cylinder interface. At this interface under mild wear conditions, there is an elastohydrodynamic boundary layer of lubricant which prevents contact of anything other than the surface asperities
35、of the ball and cylinder. However, due to the difference in hardness of these asperities, abrasion and, hence, mild wear occurs. Any wear debris carried from the cylinder to the wear scar area can also be a contributory factor.B.2.2 Scuffing Wear:At a specific applied ball load, a transition from mi
36、ld to scuffing wear can be observed. At this transition, a reduction and ultimate breakdown of boundary lubrication and film thickness occurs. This results in full metal-to-metal contact of the sliding surfaces, leading to severe adhesive wear and a large wear scar. Loadings beyond this transition w
37、ill result in localized welding of the surfaces and eventual seizure. It must be noted that scuffing wear is an entirely different tribological and physical phenomenon compared to mild wear. This method is concerned with the determination of the maximum load a particular lubricant can withstand prio
38、r to the onset of scuffing type wear.Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-SAE AIR4978 Revision B- 6 -B.3 PRIMARY TEST EQUIPMENT (See Figure B1):B.3.1 Test Ball Specification:Material : Chrom
39、e alloy AISI 52100 steelHardness : 64 to 66 RcSurface Finish : Grade 5-10 EP (extra polish)Dimensions : 12.7 mm diameterB.3.2 Cylinder Specification (See Figure B2):Material : SAE 8720 steelHardness : 58 to 62 RcSurface Finish : 0.56 to 0.71 m rmsDimensions : 49.25 +0.00/-0.15 mm diameterThe ball an
40、d cylinder specifications described above are identical to those listed inASTM D 5001.B.3.3 Cleaning Solvents:B.3.3.1 Isooctane (2,2,4 - trimethylpentane), analar, spectro, or better grade.B.3.3.2 Isopropyl alcohol, reagent grade or better.B.3.3.3 Acetone, reagent grade or better.B.4 DESCRIPTION OF
41、APPARATUS:Figures B3 and B4 show the system components.A speed controlled motor (0.25 kW), coupled directly to a reduction gearbox, provides the rotational drive to the test cylinder. The gearbox reduces the maximum shaft speed from1850 to 440 rpm producing a maximum sliding speed of 44 in/s. A flex
42、ible drive coupling is incorporated between the motor and the test section to minimize the effect of any shaft misalignment.The load arm and support are arranged with a moment such that the ball load is three times that applied to the arm.Oil heating is provided via two 110 V/500 W cartridge heaters
43、 inserted into the reservoir. A Eurotherm controller is utilized to allow bulk oil temperatures of up to 200 C 2 C.Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-SAE AIR4978 Revision B- 7 -FIGURE B1 -
44、 Rolls-Royce Tribology EvaluatorCopyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-SAE AIR4978 Revision B- 8 -FIGURE B2 - RRTE Test CylinderCopyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with S
45、AENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-SAE AIR4978 Revision B- 9 -FIGURE B3Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-SAE AIR4978 Revision B- 10 -FIGURE
46、 B4Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-SAE AIR4978 Revision B- 11 -B.5 SUMMARY OF OPERATING CONDITIONS:B.6 PREPARATION OF APPARATUS:Great care must be taken to adhere strictly to cleanlines
47、s requirements and to the specified cleaning procedures. During handling and installation procedures, protect cleaned test parts (cylinder, balls, reservoir, etc.) from contamination by wearing clean cotton gloves.B.7 CLEANING OF APPARATUS AND TEST COMPONENTS:B.7.1 Test Rings, As Received:B.7.1.1 St
48、rip the wax protective coating from the test rings by manually wiping them with a lint-free cloth soaked in acetone.B.7.1.2 Using a steam bath, boil the test rings in acetone for a period of 20 min.B.7.1.3 Drain off any remaining liquid and top up with fresh acetone. Boil for a further 20 min period
49、.B.7.1.4 Remove test rings from vessel and rinse thoroughly with acetone. Dry with a lint-free cloth and store in a desiccator.B.7.2 Test Balls, As Received:B.7.2.1 Remove the oil coating from each ball by wiping with an acetone soaked lint-free cloth.B.7.2.2 Follow steps 7.1.2 through 7.1.4.B.7.3 Oil Tank, Ball Chuck, and Ring Mandrel Assembly Components:B.7.3.1 Rinse each component with iso
