1、_SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising theref
2、rom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2008 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication ma
3、y be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA)
4、Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgAIR5747 AEROSPACEINFORMATIONREPORTIssued 2008-06 EMC Laboratory RF Radiated Emission Report for Passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Tags RATIONALEThis document is created to support the AS5678 position that p
5、assive RFID tags do not interfere with any other electronic equipment on the airplane and as such does not cause any safety of flight issue. INTRODUCTIONThis paper: identifies test units, describes how the tests were conducted, identifies support equipment and instrumentation, includes test data, an
6、d provides results. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE 31.1 Purpose. 32. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS 32.1 SAE Publications. 32.2 RTCA Publications 42.3 Other References 43. SUMMARY 43.1 Overview . 43.2 Results 43.2.1 RFID Passive System 13.56 MHz 43.2.2 RFID Passive System 915 MHz. 53.2.3 RFID Passive System 2.45
7、GHz 54. MAIN COMPONENTS OF THE RFID SYSTEMS 64.1 Test Setup. 65. RF RADIATED EMISSION AND SUSCEPTIBILITY DATA AND RESULTS 85.1 Passive 13.56 MHz System RF Radiated Emissions 85.2 Passive 13.56 MHz System RF Radiated Susceptibility . 115.3 Passive 915 MHz System RF Radiated Emissions . 125.4 Passive
8、915 MHz System RF Radiated Susceptibility 215.5 Passive 2.45 GHz System RF Radiated Emissions 256. NOTES 27SAE AIR5747 - 2 -FIGURE 1 TEST SETUP 13.56 MHZ SYSTEM 7FIGURE 2 TEST SETUP 915 MHZ SYSTEM . 7FIGURE 3 TEST SETUP 2.45 GHZ SYSTEM 7FIGURE 4 RFID 13.56 MHZ PASSIVE SYSTEM RF RADIATED EMISSIONS 15
9、0 KHZ TO 6 GHZ . 8FIGURE 5 RFID 13.56 MHZ PASSIVE SYSTEM PHOTOGRAPHS OF TEST SETUP (1 OF 2) 9FIGURE 6 RFID 13.56 MHZ PASSIVE SYSTEM PHOTOGRAPHS OF TEST SETUP (2 OF 2) 10FIGURE 7 RFID 13.56 MHZ PASSIVE SYSTEM RF RADIATED EMISSIONS FUNDAMENTAL AND VARIATIONS ON CONFIGURATION 11FIGURE 8 RFID 13.56 MHZ
10、PASSIVE SYSTEM RF RADIATED EMISSIONS EVALUATION OFINADVERTENT ACTIVATION 12FIGURE 9 RFID 915 MHZ PASSIVE SYSTEM RF RADIATED EMISSIONS 150 KHZ TO 6 GHZ 13FIGURE 10 RFID 915 MHZ PASSIVE SYSTEM TEST SETUP AND COMPONENTS 14FIGURE 11 RFID 915 MHZ PASSIVE SYSTEM COMPONENTS. 15FIGURE 12 RFID 915 MHZ PASSIV
11、E SYSTEM - RF RADIATED EMISSIONS 900 TO 930 MHZ. 15FIGURE 13 RFID 915 MHZ PASSIVE SYSTEM - RF RADIATED EMISSIONS TAG ORIENTATION 16FIGURE 14 RFID 915 GHZ PASSIVE SYSTEM SETUP WITH ABSORBER 17FIGURE 15 LEVEL OF RECEIVE ANTENNA IN RELATION TO TRANSMIT ANTENNA 17FIGURE 16 RFID 915 MHZ PASSIVE SYSTEM PH
12、OTOGRAPHS OF MULTIPLE TAGS TESTING. 18FIGURE 17 RFID 915 MHZ PASSIVE SYSTEM RF RADIATED EMISSIONS DAMAGED TAGS. 19FIGURE 18 DAMAGED TAG LOCATIONS 20FIGURE 19 LAYOUT OF DAMAGED TAGS . 21FIGURE 20 HIRF TEST SETUP AND DAMAGED. 22FIGURE 21 GSM 900 MOBILE PHONE TEST SETUP . 23FIGURE 22 RFID 2.45 GHZ PASS
13、IVE SYSTEM RF RADIATED EMISSIONS 150 KHZ TO 6 GHZ . 26FIGURE 23 RFID 2.45 GHZ PASSIVE SYSTEM TEST SETUP AND COMPONENTS. 27FIGURE 24 RFID 2.45 GHZ PASSIVE SYSTEM RF RADIATED EMISSIONS 2.4 TO 2.6 GHZ 27TABLE 1 CIRCUIT VARIATIONS. 19TABLE 2 READER EFFICIENCY WITH GSM MOBILE PHONE AT FULL POWER 24TABLE
14、3 READER EFFICIENCY WITH GSM MOBILE PHONE AT VARIOUS POWER LEVELS 24SAE AIR5747 - 3 -1. SCOPE This paper contains RF radiated emission and susceptibility data from passive Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags and readers operating at 13.56 MHz, 915 MHz, and 2.45 GHz. Laboratory test procedures
15、 incorporated the methods of RTCA DO-160D (test procedures for aviation electrical/electronic equipment) and DO-233 (test procedures for consumer portable electronic devices (PEDs). Only one commercially available system was evaluated per established operating frequencies.1.1 Purpose The purpose of
16、this paper is to record the RF radiated emissions and susceptibility from selected passive RFID systems operating at 13.56 MHz, 915 MHz, and 2.45 GHz. The emissions data (intentional and spurious) includes operation with both “good” and damaged tags. In addition, RF radiated susceptibility tests wer
17、e performed to determine functionality and inadvertent operation. These tests are limited in scope to the RF radiated emissions of PEDs tested in a controlled laboratory environment per the requirements of RTCA DO-160D, RTCA DO-233, and an airplane manufacturers limit. This paper: identifies test un
18、its, describes how the tests were conducted, identifies support equipment and instrumentation, includes test data, and provides results. 2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS The following publications form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. T
19、he applicable issue of other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In the event of conflict between the text of this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws
20、and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained.2.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.AS5678 Passive RFID Tags Intended for Aircraft
21、UseSAE AIR5747 - 4 -2.2 RTCA Publications Available from Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics Inc., 1828 L Street, NW, Suite 805, Washington, DC 20036, Tel: 202-833-9339, www.rtca.org.RTCA DO-160D “Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment,” dated July 29, 1997 RTCA D
22、O-233 “Portable Electronic Devices Carried on Board Aircraft,” dated August 20, 1996 RTCA DO-294 SC202 Phase 1 Document, “Guidance on Allowing Transmitting Portable Electronic Devices (T-PEDs) on Aircraft,” October 19, 2004 2.3 Other References Boeing Document D6-16050-4D, “Electromagnetic Interfere
23、nce Control Requirements,” dated July 24, 2002 3. SUMMARY 3.1 Overview RF radiated emission and susceptibility tests were performed in an EMC Laboratory to evaluate passive RFID tags. The following RF radiated scenarios were investigated: 1. Emissions from 150 kHz to 6 GHz 2. Emissions at the operat
24、ing frequency range 3. Emissions from damage tags 4. Emissions from multiple tags 5. Susceptibility of tags to HIRF (damage assessment) 6. Susceptibility at operating frequency (inadvertent activation) All measurements were made per the procedure of DO-160D for RF radiated emissions and susceptibili
25、ty with the exception of the RFID tags being 1 meter off of the ground plane (similar to DO-233). Data plots were recorded with emission limits of avionic equipment as a comparison. RF radiated emission limits of RTCA and an aircraft manufacturer were used. The RFID tags were oriented to allow recor
26、ding of maximum RF energy at a distance of 1 meter from the receiving antenna. Commercially available RFID passive systems were obtained for the test. 3.2 Results 3.2.1 RFID Passive System 13.56 MHz The RFID handheld reader had to be within inches of the RFID tag for system operation. There was no k
27、nown way to differentiate between the RFID transmitted signal and the RFID tags reflected signal. Therefore, the evaluation of RF radiated emissions was system-based and not tag-only. Fundamental frequency emission level was approximately 25 dB above the DO-160D RF radiated emission limit and 35 dB
28、above an airplane manufacturers HF notch limit. Spurious emissions were below an airplane manufacturers and DO-160D Category H limits except in the VHF notch which were above the limit by 3 dB. It appeared that these emissions were from the RFID reader and not the RFID tag. SAE AIR5747 - 5 -A labora
29、tory test signal was used in an attempt to activate the tag. The test signal was transmitted at 13.56 MHz, CW, while the VHF band was monitored. No emissions were seen in the VHF band, and was concluded that the tag did not activate. Damaged tags were not evaluated. 3.2.2 RFID Passive System 915 MHz
30、 The RFID system included a laptop with controlling software, reader, an antenna module with both transmitting and receiving antennas, and tags. The tags could be read anywhere within the screen room. The wireless technology incorporated was frequency hopping between 902 and 928 MHz. Fundamental fre
31、quency emission level was approximately 52 dB above the DO-160D RF radiated emission limit for Categories L/M/H. Spurious emissions were below the DO-160D Category L/M/H limit. Separation of the RFID transmitted signal and the RFID tag reflected signal was accomplished by tapping into the RFID anten
32、na module transmit and receive antennas. This was done by using directional couplers outside the screen room. Data showed that the reflected energy from 1 tag is approximately 40 dB down from the RFID transmitted signal. Note: It was not verified if the received energy was totally from the tag or if
33、 leakage existed within the RFID antenna module. However, the data from multiple tag testing suggested that the RFID antenna module isolation was sufficient to differentiate between the transmitted and reflected signals. Multiple tags were evaluated. It was established that the RF emission level inc
34、reased by approximately 2 dB for every doubling of the number of tags per the given physical layout. A copper sheet cut to the same size as a tag reflected more energy (2 to 10 dB) than a tag. Spurious emissions were not seen from damaged tags. Either the RF profile remained as normal or the tag com
35、pletely failed and produced no emissions. Various sections of the tags antenna were either shorted or opened. In addition, a HIRF failed tag was used. Tags were evaluated for survivability to HIRF (200 V/m). Only 1 tag out of 10 failed. The failure was complete and the tags chip was burned. GSM 900
36、mobile phones and 2-way pagers operate in either the same or adjacent frequencies with this RFID system. A compatibility test was done with the mobile phones at various power levels. (Note: 2-way pagers were not obtained for the test.) The mobile phones did reduce the effectiveness of the RFID syste
37、m to operate. At 2 watts, the RFID system lost about half of its efficiency. A test was done to simulate onboard aircraft com/nav transmitters to determine if the tags could inadvertently activate. Category R of DO-160D RF radiated susceptibility levels were used across the associated frequency band
38、s of VHF, ATC, TCAS, DME, SATCOM, and Radio Altimeter. The tag was monitored for any energy in the 900 to 930 MHz band. No inadvertent activation was seen. 3.2.3 RFID Passive System 2.45 GHz A 2.45 GHz RFID system was evaluated. The system was not compatible with other IEEE 802.11b systems as the RF
39、ID system is also spread spectrum. Only limited testing was done. Fundamental frequency emission level was approximately 51 dB above the DO-160D RF radiated emission limit for Categories L/M/H. Spurious emissions were below the DO-160D Category L/M/H limit except at 2 to 7 MHz by 20 dB over the limi
40、t. SAE AIR5747 - 6 -4. MAIN COMPONENTS OF THE RFID SYSTEMS 13.56 MHz Passive System Hand Held Reader Tags 915 MHz Passive System Antenna Module Reader Tags 2.45 GHz Passive System Scanner/Reader Planar Antenna Tags NOTE: The goal was that only the RFID tags were the units under test; however, in mos
41、t of the systems the reader could not be physically isolated from the tag. 4.1 Test Setup The test method of RTCA Document DO-233, “Portable Electronic Devices Carried On Board Aircraft,” dated August 20, 1996 was followed: PED placed on a non-conducting ground plane, Ground plane elevated off the f
42、loor by 80 cm (height of 1 meter was used) The RF radiated emission limits of an aircraft manufacturers electromagnetic interference control requirements were plotted on the figures. The limit chosen is the most stringent and is used when there are ten or more of the same LRU installed in the aircra
43、ft. This limit is equivalent to the RF radiated emission limit of RTCA DO-160D Category H, with the exception of starting at 150 kHz (DO-160 starts at 2 MHz) and an HF notch (10 dB). Orientation of the RFID tag was situated to record maximum emissions. The basic setups are shown below in the followi
44、ng three sets of figures. The 13.56 MHz system (Figure 1) occupied an area of approximately 12 inches in diameter. A person had to be in the screen room to operate the system. The system consisted of a tag and a hand-held reader. SAE AIR5747 - 7 -FIGURE 1 - TEST SETUP 13.56 MHZ SYSTEM The 915 MHz sy
45、stem (Figure 2) consisted of a tag, antennas (transmit and receive in same unit), reader, and a laptop computer. A person outside the screen room operated the system. Inside the screen room were the tag and antennas. Outside the screen room was the reader and laptop. FIGURE 2 - TEST SETUP 915 MHZ SY
46、STEM The 2.45 GHz system (Figure 3) occupied an area of approximately 1 to 2 meters in diameter. A person had to be in the screen room to operate the system. The system consisted of a tag and a body-held reader. (The reader was physically structured similar to a metal detector like the kind seen on
47、beaches by people searching for coins or other metal objects.) FIGURE 3 - TEST SETUP 2.45 GHZ SYSTEM SAE AIR5747 - 8 -5. RF RADIATED EMISSION AND SUSCEPTIBILITY DATA AND RESULTS 5.1 Passive 13.56 MHz System RF Radiated Emissions 150 kHz to 6 GHzFigures 4A through 4D show the RF radiated emission pro
48、file from both the RFID tag and reader together. The reader had to be within inches of the tag in order for the system to operate. Therefore, the reader emissions and tag reflected emissions comprise the profile in the figures. No significant difference was seen between vertical and horizontal polar
49、ities. Test setup photos are contained in Figures 5 and 6. A summary of the RF radiated emission profiles are as follows: Fundamental Level 13.56 MHz: 61 dBuV/m (above an airplane manufacturers HF notch limit by 35 dB, and above DO-160D Cat L/M/H by 25 dB) Spurious Emission Levels below an airplane manufacturers limi
