1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there
2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2013 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this p
3、ublication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-497
4、0 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/AIR6464 AEROSPACE INFORMATION REPORT AIR6464 Issued 2013-06 EUROCAE/SAE WG80/AE-7
5、AFC Hydrogen Fuel Cells Aircraft Fuel Cell Safety Guidelines RATIONALE This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) is intended to provide comprehensive reference and background information pertaining to the installation of fuel cells on-board aircraft for the purposes of supplying auxiliary power ra
6、ther than using separate ground power systems. FOREWORD Aircraft will need to reduce their reliance upon external auxiliary power units and have on board fuel cell powered systems. With the onset of new hydrogen fuel cell systems, new mechanical and electrical system safety design parameters will ne
7、ed to be provided for aircraft developers. The purpose of this document is to identify the unique safety criteria for the integration of fuel cell systems into aircraft. This document relates to the overall design, construction, operation and safety of fuel cell installations for aircraft including
8、the integration of the fuel systems (and other fuel cell systems containing potentially hazardous fluids as defined in this document) into the aircraft. SAE AIR6464 Page 2 of 42 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE 4 1.1 Purpose . 4 1.2 Field of Application 4 2. REFERENCES 4 2.1 Applicable Documents 4 2.1.1 S
9、AE Publications . 4 2.1.2 EASA Publications 5 2.1.3 EUROCAE Publications 5 2.1.4 FAA Publications . 5 2.1.5 IEC Publications 5 2.1.6 ISO Publications 5 2.1.7 RTCA Publications 7 2.1.8 Other Publications . 7 2.2 Related Publications . 7 2.2.1 SAE Publications . 7 2.2.2 ANSI Standards 8 2.2.3 EASA Pub
10、lications 8 2.2.4 EU Directives 8 2.2.5 EUROCAE Publications 8 2.2.6 FAA Publications . 8 2.2.7 IEC Publications 9 2.2.8 ISO Publications 9 2.2.9 RTCA Publications 9 2.2.10 Military Standards . 9 2.2.11 Other Publications . 9 3. DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS . 10 3.1 Balance of Plant 12 3.2 Common M
11、ode Failure . 12 3.3 Compartment 12 3.4 Designated Fire Zone . 12 3.5 Double Barrier . 12 3.6 Exhaust . 12 3.7 Exhaust Conditioning 12 3.8 External Hydrogen Leakage . 12 3.8.1 Low Leakage (0 to 25% LFL) 12 3.8.2 Medium Leakage (25 to 50% LFL) . 13 3.8.3 High Leakage (50% LFL) 13 3.9 Fire Zone . 13 3
12、.10 Fuel Cell Stack (ATA 85-10) from ATA Spec 2200. 13 3.11 Fuel Cell System (ATA 85) from ATA Spec 2200 . 13 3.12 Fuel Supply . 13 3.13 Hazardous Area 13 3.14 Ignition Sources 13 3.15 Normal Discharges . 13 3.16 Normal Operation 13 3.17 Oxidant Supply 13 3.18 Point of Release 14 3.19 Potentially Un
13、safe Condition . 14 3.20 Purges . 14 3.21 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell . 14 3.22 Secondary Fire Load . 14 3.23 Thermal Management System 14 3.24 Uncontrolled Leak . 14 3.25 Uncontrolled Fire . 14 SAE AIR6464 Page 3 of 42 3.26 Unintended Discharges . 14 3.27 Ventilation . 15 4. AIRCRAFT EQUIPME
14、NT, TEST REQUIREMENT AND SYSTEM SAFETY GUIDELINES 15 4.1 Generic Fuel Cell System . 15 4.1.1 General Considerations 15 4.2 Design for Safety . 19 4.2.1 Identification, Isolation, and Separation of Hazards . 19 4.2.2 Failure Analysis and Risk Assessment . 19 4.2.3 Pressure Vessels 24 4.2.4 Internal F
15、uel Cell Leakage Definition 24 4.2.5 Flammability Limits for Hydrogen in Air 24 4.3 Fuel Cell System Aircraft Crashworthiness 25 4.4 Fuel System Safety . 25 4.4.1 General Installation Requirements . 25 4.4.2 Fuel Cell System . 26 4.4.3 Fluid Handling . 28 4.4.4 Temperature 28 4.4.5 Foreign Objects .
16、 28 4.4.6 Interface with aircraft structure 28 4.4.7 Fail-Safe Shut-off 29 4.4.8 Management of Potentially Unsafe Conditions within Aircraft Compartments . 29 4.4.9 Discharges from Pressure Relief Devices 29 4.4.10 Fuelling 30 4.4.11 Defueling . 30 4.5 Safety Labeling . 30 5. GROUND AND FLIGHT OPERA
17、TION AND MAINTENANCE . 31 6. NOTES 31 APPENDIX A LIQUID HYDROGEN STORAGE SAFETY 32 APPENDIX B FUEL CELL SYSTEM THERMAL MANAGEMENT 38 FIGURE 1 EXAMPLE BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A FUEL CELL SYSTEM 15 FIGURE 2 PRESSURE LIMITS OF FLAME PROPAGATION FOR H2-AIR MIXTURES WITH VARIOUS TUBE PARAMETERS (NACA REPORT 138
18、3) 17 FIGURE 3 IGNITION ENERGIES FOR H2-AIR MIXTURES AT VARIOUS PRESSURES (NACA REPORT 1383) . 18 FIGURE 4 PRESSURE DEPENDENCE ON SPARK IGNITION ENERGY (NACA REPORT 1383) 18 FIGURE 5 TENTATIVE FUNCTIONAL BREAKDOWN OF H2FIRE PROTECTION LEAKAGE MANAGEMENT 20 FIGURE 6 TENTATIVE SAFETY ARCHITECTURE DIAG
19、RAM FOR A FUEL CELL SYSTEM 21 FIGURE 7 SYSTEM REACTION AFTER DETECTION (ESCALATION E.G. ACTIVE VENTILATION - TIME V LFL) 22 FIGURE 8 FAULT TREE FOR MEDIUM LEAKAGE LEADING TO CONCENTRATION ABOVE LFL . 23 FIGURE 9 FAULT TREE FOR HIGH LEAKAGE LEADING TO LFL 100% 23 FIGURE 10 SUMMARY FAULT TREE SCHEMATI
20、C 24 FIGURE 11 EXTERIOR FUEL TYPE LABELS 31 TABLE 1 FLAMMABILITY LIMITS BY HYDROGEN CONCENTRATION (ANSI.AIAA G-095-2004) . 25 TABLE 2 PROOF AND BURST . 26 SAE AIR6464 Page 4 of 42 1. SCOPE This document defines the technical guidelines for the safe integration of Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel
21、Cell Systems (FCS), fuel (considered to be liquid and compressed hydrogen storage types only), fuel storage, fuel distribution and appropriate electrical systems into the aircraft. Editorial Note: Today PEM systems and fuel storage represent the most mature FCS technology and currently forms the bas
22、is for this standard. Other types of fuel cell systems and fuels (including reforming technologies and electrolyzers), may be covered by a further update to this document. 1.1 Purpose The purpose of this document is to provide introductory mechanical and electrical system safety guidelines that shou
23、ld be considered when designing fuel cell power systems for use on FAR/CS, Part 25 aircraft applications. 1.2 Field of Application This document covers primarily fuel cell systems in the various intended applications for FAR/CS, Part 25 large aircraft and the installations should comply with all app
24、ropriate regulatory requirements. 2. REFERENCES 2.1 Applicable Documents The following publications form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicable issue of other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of th
25、e purchase order. In the event of conflict between the text of this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained. 2.1.1 SAE Publications Av
26、ailable from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org. AIR64 Electrical and Electronic Equipment Cooling in Commercial Transports AIR825 Oxygen Equipment for Aircraft AIR1168 Aircraft Fu
27、el Weight Penalty Due to Air Conditioning AIR1277 Cooling of Military Avionic Equipment AIR1811 Liquid Cooling Systems ARP1870 Aerospace Systems Electrical Bonding and Grounding for Electromagnetic Compatibility and Safety ARP4752 Aerospace - Design and Installation of Commercial Transport Aircraft
28、Hydraulic Systems ARP4754 Guidelines for Development of Civil Aircraft and Systems ARP4761 Guidelines and Methods for Conducting the Safety Assessment Process on Civil Airborne Systems and Equipment SAE AIR6464 Page 5 of 42 2.1.2 EASA Publications Available from European Aviation Safety Agency, Otto
29、 Platz 1, Postfach 101253, D-50452, Cologne, Germany, www.easa.eu.int. AMC 25.1309 System Design and Analysis AMC 25.1435 Hydraulic Systems - Design, Test, Analysis and Certification AMC 25.1453 Protection of Oxygen Equipment from Rupture CS 25.1309 Equipment, Systems and Installations CS 25.1435 Hy
30、draulic Systems CS 25.1453 Protection of Oxygen Equipment from Rupture 2.1.3 EUROCAE Publications Available from EUROCAE, 102 rue Etienne Dolet 92240, Malakoff, France. ED-14 Environmental Conditions for Airborne Equipment 2.1.4 FAA Publications Available from Federal Aviation Administration, 800 In
31、dependence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20591, Tel: 866-835-5322, www.faa.gov. 14 CFR 25.1309 Equipment, Systems and Installations 14 CFR 25.1435 Hydraulic Systems 14 CFR 25.1453 Protection of Oxygen Equipment from Rupture 2.1.5 IEC Publications Available from International Electrotechnical Commission
32、, 3, rue de Varembe, P.O. Box 131, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, Tel: +41-22-919-02-11, www.iec.ch. IEC 60079 Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Gas Atmospheres IEC 61882 Hazard and Operability Studies - (HAZOP studies) - Application Guide IEC 62282-2 Fuel Cell Technologies - Part 2: Fuel Cell Mod
33、ules 2.1.6 ISO Publications Available from International Organization for Standardization, 1, rue de Varembe, Case postale 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, Tel: +41-22-749-01-11, www.iso.org. ISO 3864 Graphical Symbols - Safety Colours and Safety Signs ISO 11114-1 Transportable Gas Cylinders - Co
34、mpatibility of Cylinder and Valve Materials with Gas Contents - Part 1: Metallic Materials SAE AIR6464 Page 6 of 42 ISO 11114-2 Transportable Gas Cylinders - Compatibility of Cylinder and Valve Materials with Gas Contents - Part 2: Non-Metallic Materials ISO 11114-3 Transportable Gas Cylinders - Com
35、patibility of Cylinder and Valve Materials with Gas Contents - Part 3: Autogenous Ignition Test in Oxygen Atmosphere ISO 11114-4 Transportable Gas Cylinders - Compatibility of Cylinder and Valve Materials with Gas Contents - Part 4: Test Methods for Selecting Metallic Materials Resistant to Hydrogen
36、 Embrittlement ISO 11119 Gas Cylinders of Composite Construction - Specification and Test Methods ISO 13984 Liquid Hydrogen - Land Vehicle Fuelling System Interface ISO 13985 Liquid Hydrogen - Land Vehicle Fuel Tanks ISO/TS 14687 Part 2 Hydrogen Fuel - Product Specification - Part 2: Proton Exchange
37、 Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell Applications for Road Vehicles (Type II (Grade D) Fuel Quality) ISO 15869 Gaseous Hydrogen and Hydrogen Blends - Land Vehicle Fuel Tanks ISO/TR 15916 Basic Considerations for the Safety of Hydrogen Systems ISO 21010 Cryogenic Vessels - Gas/Materials Compatibility ISO 21011
38、Cryogenic Vessels - Valves for Cryogenic Service ISO 21012 Cryogenic Vessels - Hoses ISO 21013-1 Cryogenic Vessels - Pressure-Relief Accessories for Cryogenic Service - Part 1: Reclosable Pressure-Relief Valves ISO 21013-2 Cryogenic Vessels - Pressure-Relief Accessories for Cryogenic Service - Part
39、2: Non-Reclosable Pressure-Relief Devices ISO 21013-3 Cryogenic Vessels - Pressure-Relief Accessories for Cryogenic Service - Part 3: Sizing and Capacity Determination ISO 21014 Cryogenic Vessels - Cryogenic Insulation Performance ISO 21028-1 Cryogenic Vessels - Toughness Requirements for Materials
40、at Cryogenic Temperature - Part 1: Temperatures below -80 C ISO 21028-2 Cryogenic Vessels - Toughness Requirements for Materials at Cryogenic Temperature - Part 2: Temperatures between -80 C and -20 C ISO 21029-1 Cryogenic Vessels - Transportable Vacuum Insulated Vessels of not more than 1000 Litres
41、 Volume - Part 1: Design, Fabrication, Inspection and Tests ISO 21029-2 Cryogenic Vessels - Transportable Vacuum Insulated Vessels of not more than 1000 Litres Volume - Part 2: Operational Requirements ISO 23208 Cryogenic Vessels - Cleanliness for Cryogenic Service ISO 24490 Cryogenic Vessels - Pump
42、s for Cryogenic Service (if the System is Equipped with one) SAE AIR6464 Page 7 of 42 2.1.7 RTCA Publications Available from Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics Inc., 1828 L Street, NW, Suite 805, Washington, DC 20036, Tel: 202-833-9339, www.rtca.org. DO-160 Environmental Conditions for Airbo
43、rne Equipment 2.1.8 Other Publications ASTM D1193 Standard Specification for Reagent Water DOT-CFFC Basic Requirements for Fully Wrapped Carbon-Fiber Reinforced Aluminum Lined Cylinders (Dedicated to Type 3 Pressure Vessel with Aluminum Liner). EN 12245 Transportable Gas Cylinders - Fully Wrapped Co
44、mposite Cylinder EN 13463 Non-Electrical Equipment for use in Potentially Explosive Atmospheres NASA/TM-2003-212059 NASA Hydrogen Hazards Analysis on Components and Systems Flammability Limits and Laminar Speed of Hydrogen-Air Mixtures at Sub-Atmospheric Pressures. M. Kuznetsov, S. Kobeltl, J. Grune
45、, T. Jordan; Pro-Science GmbH, Germany; Institute for Energy and Nuelear Energy, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology NFPA 2 Hydrogen Technologies Code NACA Report 1383 Survey of Hydrogen Combustion Properties 2.2 Related Publications The following publications are provided for information purposes onl
46、y and are not a required part of this SAE Aerospace Technical Report. 2.2.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org. AIR825/12 Oxygen System Integration
47、and Performance Precautions AIR5128 Electrical Bonding of Aircraft Fuel Systems ARP5412 Aircraft Lightning Environment and Related Test Waveforms ARP5414 Aircraft Lightning Zone ARP5416 Aircraft Lightning Test Methods ARP5577 Aircraft Lightning Direct Effects Certification AIR5744 Composite Fuel Tan
48、ks, Fuel systems Design Considerations SAE AIR6464 Page 8 of 42 2.2.2 ANSI Standards Available from American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036-8002, Tel: 212-642-4900, www.ansi.org. ANSI/IEEE C62.41 Surge Voltages in Low-Voltage AC Power Circuits ANSI/IEEE C62.45
49、Equipment Connected to Low-Voltage AC Power Circuits, Guide on Surge Testing for ANSI Z21.83 - Standard for Stationary Fuel Cell Power Plants ANSI/AIAA G-095-2004 Guide to Safety of Hydrogen and Hydrogen Systems 2.2.3 EASA Publications Available from European Aviation Safety Agency, Otto Platz 1, Postfach 101253, D-50452, Cologne, Germany, www.easa.eu.int. CS 25.561 General CS 25.981 Fuel Tank Ignition Prevention 2.2.4 EU Directives Avail
