1、_SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising theref
2、rom, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.Copyright 2016 SAE InternationalAll rights reserved. No part of this publi
3、cation may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE.TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada)Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (out
4、side USA)Fax: 724-776-0790Email: CustomerServicesae.orgSAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedback on thisTechnical Report, please visithttp:/standards.sae.org/AIR825/1AEROSPACEINFORMATION REPORTAIR825/1Issued 2001-12Reaffirmed 2016-11Introduction to Oxygen Equipment
5、 for AircraftRATIONALEAIR825/1 has been reaffirmed to comply with the SAE five-year review policy.FOREWORDThis is the first document of a set of fourteen related documents. The fourteen documents are needed to comprehensively address the “Introduction to Oxygen Equipment for Aircraft”, and are defin
6、ed as slash documents versus chapters. This way, the documents may be obtained as a set or individually. This set of slash documents replaces a single document written by one author. As the field of oxygen systems for aircraft has evolved, it became impractical for one author to cover the full range
7、 of subject matter. Each of these slash documents was drafted by individuals who are specialists in oxygen systems for aircraft. The reader who is seeking overall familiarity with oxygen systems for aircraft should read all fourteen slash documents which, together, form a general reference to oxygen
8、 systems. The reader who is familiar with oxygen systems for aircraft may want to obtain only the slash documents that pertain to topics that are of specific interest.The fourteen-document set is written at an introductory level, suitable for anyone who would like to understand the basics of oxygen
9、systems in aircraft, and specifically for the engineer who has just recently been assigned to aircraft oxygen systems. Many of these documents will point the reader toward more detailed treatments, located in other SAE documents. The SAE Aerospace Division has three major types of documents: Listed
10、below are the document acronyms with their expanded definitions that the reader will find referred to throughout the slash documents.a. AIR - Aerospace Information Report: The Aerospace Information Report contains information pertaining to the state of the art in a technical subject for the reader r
11、egarding some aspect of Aerospace Technology. The information may suggest how something could be done but nothing requires the user to follow the suggestion.b. ARP - Aerospace Recommended Practice: The Aerospace Recommended Practice contains advice proposing an accepted or preferred way to accomplis
12、h some task. The implication here is that, if the reader chooses not to follow the advice, then the reader should understand why the alternate way chosen is appropriate. c. AS - Aerospace Standard: The Aerospace Standard establishes requirements relating to the performance of equipment and procedure
13、s. Many of these documents have been adopted by the FAA and used as the basis for official rules, procedures, and Technical Standard Orders (TSOs).NOTE: These documents have no official standing as regulations unless, and to whatever extent, they are adopted as such by a regulatory authority.SAE INT
14、ERNATIONAL AIR825/1 2 OF 17HISTORYThe first known flights where supplemental oxygen was used were balloon flights in France. The type of equipment used was not recorded. By World War I, some military aircraft used mass-produced oxygen systems that included a high-pressure tank and regulator connecte
15、d to a mask that also had a microphone connection and a flow indicator. Another early use was by Wiley Post, who flew a mission over Mt. Everest in preparation for a climbing assault on the mountain. Posts oxygen system consisted of a cylinder filled with oxygen, a pressure reducer, and a tube resem
16、bling a pipe stem, held in the mouth.The elements of the first system included a supply source, regulation means, and a dispensing unit. Today all oxygen systems components include those same basic elements with added features incorporated into the design. The SAE A-10 Committee has more than fifty
17、documents defining/ describing the range of such equipment, and methods for testing and using it.SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR825/1 3 OF 17TABLE OF CONTENTS1. SCOPE .52. REFERENCES .52.1 Applicable Documents .52.1.1 SAE Publications .53. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE SLASH DOCUMENTS.63.1 AIR825/1, Introduction to Ox
18、ygen Equipment for Aircraft 63.2 AIR825/2, Effects of Acute Altitude Exposure in Humans: Requirement forPhysiological Protection.63.3 AIR825/3, Gaseous Oxygen and Oxygen Equipment, Introductory.63.4 AIR825/4, Chemical Oxygen Systems.63.5 AIR825/5, Liquid Oxygen Systems 73.6 AIR825/6, On Board Oxygen
19、 Generating Systems (OBOGS) Molecular Sieve 73.7 AIR825/7, On Board Oxygen Generating Systems (OBOGS) Other Oxygen GeneratingTechnologies73.8 AIR825/8, Continuous Flow Oxygen Systems.73.9 AIR825/9, Demand and Pressure Demand Oxygen Systems .73.10 AIR825/10, Protective Breathing Equipment for Flight
20、Deck and Cabin Crew Members 83.11 AIR825/11, Closed Cycle Breathing Apparatus .83.12 AIR825/12, Oxygen System Integration and Performance Precautions 83.13 AIR825/13, Guide for Evaluating Combustion Hazards in Aircraft Oxygen Systems 83.14 AIR825/14, Basic System Design Schematics, Charts and Tables
21、 .84. BASIC ELMENTS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL PROTECTION FROM HYPOXIA94.1 Introduction 94.2 Basic Physiology Related to Hypoxia 94.3 Detrimental Effects of Hypoxia.144.4 References.175. KEY WORDS17SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR825/1 4 OF 171. SCOPE:1.1 Purpose:The purpose of this document is to give the reader an ove
22、rview of the document package which makes up AIR825, Introduction to Oxygen Equipment for Aircraft, and a basic overview (see Section 4) of the operational concerns driven by human physiology during altitude exposure.2. REFERENCES:2.1 Applicable Documents:The following publications form a part of th
23、is document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicable issue of other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In the event of conflict between the text of this document and references cited herein, the text of
24、 this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained.2.1.1 SAE Publications: Available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.AIR825/1 Introduction to Oxygen Equipment for Air
25、craftAIR825/2 Effects of Acute Altitude Exposure in Humans: Requirements for Physiological ProtectionAIR825/3 Gaseous Oxygen and Oxygen Equipment, IntroductoryAIR825/4 Chemical Oxygen SystemsAIR825/5 Liquid Oxygen SystemsAIR825/6 On Board Oxygen Generator Systems (OBOGS) Molecular SieveAIR825/7 On B
26、oard Oxygen Generator Systems (OBOGS) Other Oxygen Generating TechnologiesAIR825/8 Continuous Flow Oxygen SystemsAIR825/9 Demand and Pressure Demand Oxygen SystemsAIR825/10 Protective Breathing Equipment for Flight Deck and Flight Crew MemberAIR825/11 Closed Cycle Breathing ApparatusAIR825/12 Oxygen
27、 System Integration and Performance PrecautionsAIR825/13 Guide for Evaluating Combustion Hazards in Oxygen SystemsAIR825/14 Basic Systems Design, Schematics Charts, TablesSAE INTERNATIONAL AIR825/1 5 OF 173. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE SLASH DOCUMENTS:3.1 AIR825/1, Introduction to Oxygen Equipment for Airc
28、raft:This document contains a brief paragraph describing the contents of each of the slash documents. The documents are published by the SAE and are available as a complete set of fourteen slash documents or may be obtained individually. However, a copy of this document (AIR825/1) is included with a
29、ny order for one or more of the slash documents.This document also contains a brief section on the effects of acute altitude exposure in humans. This section gives the reader a very basic overview of AIR825/2, Effects of Acute Altitude Exposure in Humans: Requirements for Physiological Protection. T
30、his is written with little theory and in a form which gives examples of what one is expected to observe in the average human at altitude. However the reader must recognize that the “average” human is a myth. An individual might be able to exceed the examples given or may not measure up to the averag
31、e in all areas. We have oxygen systems in aircraft to furnish a reasonable degree of protection against foreseeable conditions. This protection pertains to a range of individuals within the traveling population.3.2 AIR825/2, Effects of Acute Altitude Exposure in Humans: Requirements for Physiologica
32、l Protection:Scientific concepts that relate to the physiological needs of the human body at altitude are introduced in partial detail with particular focus on the need for supplemental oxygen. The major sections include: (1) a description of our earths atmosphere, (2) a description of our bodys res
33、piration and circulation system, (3) hypoxia is defined and explained, (4) hyperventilation is explained and a description of what to do about it, (5) an explanation of gas dilation and compression related to the body at altitude, (6) air embolism or decompression sickness is defined and protection
34、methods explained.3.3 AIR825/3, Gaseous Oxygen and Oxygen Equipment, Introductory:The two major types of gaseous oxygen systems on board aircraft are portable and fixed.Any aircraft flying above 12,500 ft will carry on board at least one and maybe more of the following systems: continuous flow, dema
35、nd flow, diluter-demand, and pressure-demand.3.4 AIR825/4, Chemical Oxygen Systems:This AIR provides an orientation to aircraft engineers regarding the general technology of chemical oxygen generators, for assistance in determining whether chemical oxygen generators are an appropriate oxygen supply
36、source for hypoxia protection in a given application, and as an aid in specifying such generators.SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR825/1 6 OF 173.5 AIR825/5, Liquid Oxygen Systems:Liquid oxygen systems are the most efficient way to store oxygen if one only considers weight versus volume. Liquid oxygen for aviat
37、ion is used only in military aviation applications. The commercial and general aviation fields do not use this technology. The major drawbacks are logistics issues related to the continued loss of liquid oxygen supply from evaporation or boil-off and the need to constantly replenish the liquid oxyge
38、n supply by servicing from portable liquid oxygen supply carts. The main theme of this slash document is to give the reader an understanding of the performance features and logistic limitations of liquid oxygen systems.3.6 AIR825/6, On Board Oxygen Generating Systems (OBOGS) Molecular Sieve:The info
39、rmation provided in this section describes the Pressure Swing Absorption (PSA) which separates and concentrates oxygen gas from ambient air during flight. This is a relatively new technology and has not been used by commercial or general aviation, but is included here as this practice could be adopt
40、ed by commercial aviation in the near future.3.7 AIR825/7, On Board Oxygen Generating Systems (OBOGS) Other Oxygen Generating Technologies:The information provided in this section describes onboard oxygen generating technologies other than Pressure Swing Absorption (PSA) (see AIR825/6). These are th
41、e electrolysis of water, the dense ion conductive ceramics, and the high-pressure chemical oxygen generation. The document includes, for each technology, a description of the operating principle, the main characteristics, the operating mode and the benefits and penalties.3.8 AIR825/8, Continuous Flo
42、w Oxygen Systems:This section provides general information on the principle functions and technical approaches to be taken into account during the design and realization of Continuous Flow Oxygen systems. Such systems deliver a continuous flow of oxygen to the mask at a rate which is constant for a
43、given altitude.3.9 AIR825/9, Demand and Pressure Demand Oxygen Systems:This slash document describes the purpose, characteristics, significant components and performance characteristics of demand-type oxygen systems. Demand oxygen systems supply oxygen, as the name implies, when the user demands oxy
44、gen by inhalation. Two basic types of demand oxygen systems are: straight demand (100% oxygen only) and diluter demand (where oxygen is added to ambient air on demand). The latter, diluter demand systems, are used almost exclusively for commercial aircraft cockpit oxygen systems. These systems are a
45、lso widely used in commuter-type aircraft, business-type aircraft and many general aviation aircraft. Another variant of the demand and diluter demand-type oxygen systems is the pressure demand system, also known as a pressure breathing system. A typical demand oxygen system consists of an oxygen su
46、pply (typically pressurized gaseous oxygen), a pressure reducer, distribution lines, demand or diluter demand-type regulator and a quick donning crew mask compatible with the demand regulator.SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR825/1 7 OF 173.10 AIR825/10, Protective Breathing Equipment for Flight Deck and Cabin C
47、rew Members:This slash document provides general information to aircraft engineers, regarding the types of Protective Breathing Equipment (PBE) configurations which are available, the intended functions of such equipment, and the technical approaches which may be used in accomplishing these function
48、s.The term “PBE” or “Protective Breathing Equipment” has been used to refer to various types of equipment, which are used in a variety of applications. This way of using the terminology has been a source of confusion in the aviation industry. One objective of this AIR is to assist the reader in dist
49、inguishing between the types of PBE applications. A further objective is to assist in understanding the technical approaches that can be used in each of the major applications.3.11 AIR825/11, Closed Cycle Breathing Apparatus:Discusses the basic operating principles applicable to a breathing device in which metabolically generated carbon dioxide is removed, consumed oxygen is replenished, and the same bulk gas is breathed repeatedly.3.12
