1、 AEROSPACE INFORMATION REPORT Pneumatic Ground Power Supplies for Starting Aircraft SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and s
2、uitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. C
3、opyright 2004 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMEN
4、T ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: custsvcsae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org Issued 1966-09 Revised 1990-02 Noncurrent 2004-04 Superseding AIR944B AIR944 REV.C NONCURRENT This specification has been declared “NONCURRENT
5、“ as of April 2004. It is recommended, therefore, that this document not be specified for new designs. Each of these “NONCURRENT“ documents is available from SAE. Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license f
6、rom IHS-,-,-SAE AIR944 Revision C - 2 - 1. SCOPE: The material contained in this report has been simplified to facilitate its use. Specific manufacturers should be contacted for more detailed information. Many of the basic power supplies are available in numerous configurations and some provide shaf
7、t power or electrical power in addition to the pneumatic capability. Vehicles for the ground transportation of the power supplies are also varied to fit specific requirements. 2. PURPOSE: This report provides descriptive information and performance data of the pneumatic ground power supplies availab
8、le for starting aircraft engines. The material is intended for general use by the aircraft and airline industries to assist in the selection and utilization of pneumatic power supplies. 3. MANUFACTURERS: The manufacturers listed in this report are included for reference but do not necessarily repres
9、ent all sources in this field. 4. CLASSIFICATION OF POWER SUPPLIES: 4.1 Power Limited: This type of power supply is a true prime mover and can furnish pneumatic power continuously for unlimited periods of time. It is used to provide low-pressure (40 to 70 psia) air to the air turbine starters. Sever
10、al basic configurations are in use. The majority are either gas turbine bleed, gas turbine-driven compressor, reciprocating engine-driven compressor, or electric motor driven compressor. 4.2 Energy Limited: On units of this type either compressed air stored at high pressure or liquid nitrogen stored
11、 in cryogenic tanks is expanded to perform the aircraft starting function or it is used to recharge pneumatic storage tanks on board the aircraft. This type of power supply may or may not contain a prime mover, depending on the vehicle configuration. These units are used to support the low-pressure
12、(40 to 70 psia) pneumatic turbine starters (for impingement starting) and the high-pressure fuel/air combustion starting systems. In the pneumatic turbine starter system, air or nitrogen is expanded and applied directly through control valves to the starter. In the combustion starter system, the hig
13、h-pressure air is transferred from the ground power unit to the airborne storage system at high pressure where it is expanded, reheated and applied to the starter. Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license
14、from IHS-,-,-SAE AIR944 Revision C - 3 - 5. DISCUSSION: The characteristics of the power supply unit drastically affect the engine starting operation. Uncontrolled pressure variations or pulsations can cause severe mechanical problems in the airborne equipment. The shape of the starters torque curve
15、 as well as its torque output (during engine acceleration) are determined by the temperature and pressure characteristics of the pneumatic medium during starter operation. Matching of the starter motor to the pneumatic source is necessary to ensure acceptable performance from the starting system. Th
16、is matching of the starter motor and pneumatic source requires detailed analyses that should include the following: 1. Starter pressure and flow requirements 2. Installed-engine starting requirements and limitations 3. Pressure and temperature drop of the pneumatic medium as it flows through the duc
17、ting 4. Potential leakages of ducts and valves 5. Variations in support equipment performance with ambient pressure and temperature changes These analyses can be readily accomplished by the various starter manufacturers. It is suggested that problem statements be forwarded to starter motor manufactu
18、rers when the need arises. Additional information on sizing energy limited power supply units is in Reference 1, paragraph 2.4.1.2 and Reference 2. 6. DETAILED DATA: This report contains generalized information on a cross section of available pneumatic power supplies. Performance data given are excl
19、usive of hose losses. An example given in Figures 1-1 and 1-2 shows how to use the data in this report. 7. SUGGESTED USE: The data contained herein have been verified by individual manufacturers, where possible, and is believed to be accurate. The individual manufacturers should be contacted to obta
20、in further data. Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE AIR944 Revision C - 4 - 8. NOTES: 8.1 The manufacturers and equipment listed and the data presented in this report are compiled by
21、 the author and not necessarily endorsed by the SAE. 9. REFERENCES: 1. Gas Energy Limited Starting Systems, SAE AIR1467, 2-9-89. 2. Engelmann, W. H.: Air Turbine Starter Sizing for a Proper Bleed Source Match, SAE Paper 841509, October 1984. PREPARED BY SAE COMMITTEE AE-6, STARTING SYSTEMS AND AUXIL
22、IARY POWER Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE AIR944 Revision C - 5 - THIS EXAMPLE SHOWS HOW TO USE THE DATA IN THIS REPORT PROBLEM: Match ground power unit to an engine starter with
23、 the following requirements. APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS: Starter Air Flow Parameter, 11W/ 40 lb/min Starter Air Supply Pressure, P135 psia Starter Maximum Inlet Air Temperature, T1360F Where 1= (T1+459.7)/518.7 1= P1/14.696 Ground Power Units must be mobile Airport Altitude(s) Sea level to 5000 ft Amb
24、ient Air Temperature Range 0F to 100F Aircraft Lower Extremity for Service Clearance 45 in Power Unit to Aircraft Hose Length 15 ft Fuel for Ground Power Unit JP4, Kerosene ASSUMPTIONS: Total delivery hose and duct losses from the power unit to the starter inlet are: Air Supply Total Pressure 10% of
25、 Pressure Air Supply Total Temperature 10% of Temperature Airflow Leakage 5% of Airflow Power Unit Shaft Power extraction 0 simultaneous with bleed air SAMPLE SOLUTION: Verify that starter requirements are within power unit operating envelope based on the descriptive data sheet and accompanying curv
26、es. STEP 1: Determine operating envelope for Delivered Airflow on Figure 1-1, Lower Curve. From application requirements add 5000 ft altitude line between Sea Level and 10 000 ft lines. Power unit operating envelope is between Sea Level line and 5000 ft line over temperature range between 0F and 100
27、F shown as area A. The limiting operation point is on the lower right corner, marked B. The point reads on the left scale at approximately 88 pounds per minute Delivered Airflow. Subtracting the 5 percent leakage reduces the delivered airflow, W, to 83.6 lbs per minutes. Copyright SAE International
28、Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE AIR944 Revision C - 6 - STEP 2: Determine operating envelope for air supply pressure on Figure 1-1 upper curve. From application requirements add 5000 ft altitude line between
29、 Sea Level and 10 000 ft line. Power Unit operating envelope is between Sea Level line and 5000 ft line over temperature range between 0F and 100F shown as area C. The limiting operation point on the lower right corner is marked D. The point reads on the left scale at 39 psia Delivered Air Pressure.
30、 Subtracting the 10 percent duct loss reduces the delivered pressure to 35.1 psia which meets the 35 psia air pressure requirement. STEP 3: Determine maximum air supply temperature to starter on Figure 1-1, center curve. Delivered Air Temperature, at the high end of the curve reads 400F at point E a
31、t 100F ambient air temperature. Since we assume delivered air temperature is 10 percent less, we subtract 40F from 400F giving an estimated 360F supply air temperature. This is acceptable in being below the 360F maximum allowable design temperature of the starter. STEP 4: Calculate the available air
32、flow parameter, 11W/ and verify the starter airflow parameter requirement is met. W = 83.6 lbs per minute available 360 459.71.257518.7+ = 135.12.3914.696 = 11W / (83.6)(1.257)/(2.39) 44.0 lb / minute The available airflow parameter of 44.0 lbs per minute exceeds the required 40 lbs per minute start
33、er airflow parameter. If the available airflow parameter is less than the starter airflow parameter, the starter air supply pressure will be reduced by the ratio of available airflow parameter to required airflow parameter by action of the ground power unit load control valve. Copyright SAE Internat
34、ional Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE AIR944 Revision C - 7 - STEP 5: For other requirements, examine the data sheet (Figure 1-2): A. Delivery hose length of 20 feet is more than adequate for the required 15
35、 feet between the power unit and the inlet air connection of the aircraft. B. Height of power unit of 21 inches added to the truck bed height of 22 inches will fit beneath the 45 inches lowest extremity of the aircraft. Precaution must be made to maintain adequate clearance. C. Fuel for Ground Power
36、 Unit check for availability, level of cleanliness, and refueling means. Descriptive data on other power units in the form presented in this report may be verified in a similar manner. Manufacturers of bleed-air sources generally include production tolerances in their definition of minimum bleed-air
37、 performance, but deterioration losses may or may not be included. Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE AIR944 Revision C - 8 - FIGURE 1-1 Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS u
38、nder license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE AIR944 Revision C - 9 - FIGURE 1-2 Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE AIR9
39、44 Revision C - 10 - INDEX OF EQUIPMENT 2. POWER-LIMITED EOUIPMENT Manufacturer Model Number Description Performance Curves Page Page Figure Accessory Controls & ACE-600-1160, 12 13 2-1 Equipment Corporation 2160, 1250, 2250 805 Bloomfield Ave. ACE-600-1300, 14 15 2-2 P.O. Box 380 2300 Windsor, CT 0
40、6095 Allied Signal Aerospace Co.* RSS 184 16 18 2-3 Garrett Gmbh RST 184 17 18 2-3 Frankfurter Strasse 51 6096 Raunheim am Main West Germany Allied Signal Aerospace Co. GTCP-30 Series 19 20, 21 2-4, 2-5 Garrett Auxiliary GTCP-36 Series 22 23 2-6 Power Division GTC85-90 24 25 2-7 111 So. 34th St. GTC
41、P85-180 26 27, 28 2-8, 2-9 P.O. Box 5217 GTCP85-184 29 30, 31 2-10, 2-1 Phoenix, AZ 85010 GTCP100-54 32 33 2-12 GTCP100-82 2-12 GTCP1O5 Series 34 35, 36 2-13, 2-14 Ingersoll-Rand Company 200 DH 165 37 38 2-15 7500 Shadwell Drive 200 GH 165 37 39 2-16 Roanoke, VA 24019 200 EH 165 40 POW-R-QUIK, Ltd.
42、N200 Trailer 41 5518 Mitchell Dale 5515 USAF Start Cart 42 Houston, TX 77092 Stewart & Stevenson TMAC-135 43 44 2-17 Services, Inc. TMAC-150 45 46 2-18 P.O. Box 1637 TMAC-155 47 48 2-19 Houston, TX 77251-1637 TMAC-170 49 50 2-20 TMAC-185 51 52 2-21 TMAC-200 53 54 2-22 TMSS-120 55 56 2-23 TMSS-255 57
43、 58 2-24 TMSS-280 59 60 2-25 *Previously Garrett AiResearch Manufacturing Co., Torrance, CA Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE AIR944 Revision C - 11 - INDEX OF EQUIPMENT (Continued)
44、 2. POWER-LIMITED EOUIPMENT (Continued) Manufacturer Model Number Description Performance Curves Page Page Figure Trilectron Industries, Inc. 60T35AC-1 61 62 2-26 300 Ninth Ave. Hawthorne, NJ 07506 Turbomach Division T-62T-40 LC-1 63 64 2-27 Sundstrand Corp. 4400 Ruffin Rd. San Diego, CA 92123 3. EN
45、ERGY LIMITED EQUIPMENT Accessory Controls & ACE-500-1000 65 Equipment Corporation ACE-500-6000 66 805 Bloomfield Ave. P.O. Box 380 Windsor, CT 06095 Aero Energy Systems, Inc. AirStart 200D 67 20740 Marilla St. AirStart 200E 68 P.O. Box 368 Chatsworth, CA 91311 AIR-A-PLANE Corp. SAS 3000 69 72 3-1 30
46、40 Virginia Beach Blvd. 6000 70 P.O. Box 2496 9000 71 Norfolk, VA 23501-2496 Bauer Compressors, Inc. KW15-AS 73 74 3-2 1328 Azalea Garden Rd. KW20-AS 75 76 3-3 Norfolk, VA 23502 Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted wi
47、thout license from IHS-,-,-SAE AIR944 Revision C - 12 - Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE AIR944 Revision C - 13 - FIGURE 2-1 Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under licen
48、se with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE AIR944 Revision C - 14 - Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE AIR944 Revision C - 15 - FIGURE 2-2 Copyright SAE International Provided by IHS under license with SAENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SAE AIR944 Revision C - 16 - Copyright SAE International Provided
