1、AEROSPACE MATERIAL SPECIFICATION AMS03-14 Issued 2015-04 Electrodeposition of Chromium for Engineering Purposes RATIONALE This Standard is a direct replacement for DEF STAN 03-14 and has been reproduced by SAE International under the Open Government Licensing Agreement. The technical content remains
2、 unchanged from Issue 4 of the Defence Standard it supersedes. Any queries should be referred via the link shown in the feedback box at the bottom of this page. LICENSING AGREEMENT Ministry of Defence. Crown Copyright 2015. Reproduced under the terms of the Open Government License. FOREWORD REVISION
3、 NOTE This Defence Standard was raised to Issue 4 to update its content and incorporate the latest MoD/DStan policy in place at the time. HISTORICAL RECORD This standard supersedes the following: Def Stan 03-14 Issue 1, August 1979 Def Stan 03-14 Issue 2, February 1995 Def Stan 03-14 Issue 3, Februa
4、ry 2005 Def Stan 03-31 Issue 1, April 1993 Def Stan 02-870 Issue 1, April 2000 Def Stan 02-870 Issue 2, August 2004 _ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely volu
5、ntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE in
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7、 please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/AMS03_14 SAE INTERNATIONAL AMS03-14 Page 2 of 28 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE 4 2. WARNING . 4 3. NORMATIVE REFERENCES . 4 4. ABBREVIATIONS . 5 5. DEFINITIONS . 6 6. INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED TO THE PROCESSOR 6 7. PROCESS CONTROL 7 8. CONDITION OF S
8、UBSTRATE . 7 9. CHROMIUM ELECTRODEPOSITION PROCESS . 7 10. RECLAMATION OF WORN OR OVER-MACHINED ITEMS . 8 11. DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCES 8 12. THICKNESS OF ELECTRODEPOSIT AFTER FINAL FINISHING 8 13. MACHINING AND GRINDING 8 14. GENERAL . 9 15. STRESS RELIEF 9 16. INTRODUCTION OF SURFACE COMPRESSIVE STRE
9、SSES 9 17. PREPARATION FOR ELECTRODEPOSITION . 10 17.1 Initial Cleaning . 10 17.2 Masking . 10 17.3 Application of Undercoats . 10 17.4 Final Cleaning . 10 17.5 Etching 10 17.5.1 Non-Corrosion Resisting Steel 10 17.5.2 Corrosion Resisting Steel (e.g., stainless steels) . 10 17.5.3 Cast Iron 11 17.5.
10、4 Nickel Electrodeposit on Steel 11 17.6 Rinsing 11 18. ELECTRODEPOSITION OF CHROMIUM 11 19. POST-ELECTRODEPOSITION HEAT TREATMENT 11 20. GENERAL . 13 21. PREPARATION FOR ELECTRODEPOSITION . 13 22. ELECTRODEPOSITION OF CHROMIUM 13 23. POST-ELECTRODEPOSITION HEAT TREATMENT 13 24. GENERAL . 13 SAE INT
11、ERNATIONAL AMS03-14 Page 3 of 28 25. PREPARATION FOR ELECTRODEPOSITION . 14 26. ELECTRODEPOSITION OF CHROMIUM 14 27. POST-ELECTRODEPOSITION HEAT TREATMENT 14 28. GENERAL . 14 29. PREPARATION FOR ELECTRODEPOSITION . 14 30. ELECTRODEPOSITION OF CHROMIUM 14 31. ELECTRODEPOSITION OF CHROMIUM ON CHROMIUM
12、 14 32. INSPECTION AND TESTING . 15 33. VISUAL INSPECTION 15 34. THICKNESS OF COATING 15 35. HARDNESS 15 36. ADHESION . 16 37. FREEDOM FROM EMBRITTLEMENT . 16 38. CORROSION TESTING . 17 39. OTHER REQUIREMENTS 17 40. TREATMENT OF ITEMS REJECTED DURING FINAL INSPECTION AND TEST . 17 41. NOTES 17 ANNEX
13、 A GUIDANCE ON CHROMIUM ELECTRODEPOSITION FOR ENGINEERING PURPOSES . 18 ANNEX B CHROMIUM ELECTRODEPOSITION PROCESS . 23 ANNEX C THE ANALYSIS OF CHROMIUM ELECTRODEPOSITION SOLUTION . 24 ANNEX D POST-ELECTRODEPOSITION TREATMENT FOR FERROUS METALS 26 ANNEX E CHEMICAL METHODS OF STRIPPING CHROMIUM DEPOS
14、ITS . 27 ANNEX F ADHESION TESTS . 28 Table 1 Specified minimum/maximum tensile strengths of steels . 6 Table 2 Stress relief before electrodeposition (based on recommendations in BS ISO 9587) . 9 Table 3 Introduction of surface compressive stresses . 9 Table 4 Post-electrodeposition heat treatment o
15、f high-strength steels (based on recommendations in BS ISO 9588) 12 Table 5 Maximum Load versus coating thickness for hardness testing of chromium electrodeposits 16 SAE INTERNATIONAL AMS03-14 Page 4 of 28 SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW This standard is concerned with the electrodeposition of chrom
16、ium on ferrous metals, aluminum and aluminum alloys, titanium and titanium alloys and other metals for one or more of the following purposes: The production of wear-resistant surfaces. Wear resistance coupled with corrosion resistance. The reclamation of engineering components. This Standard represe
17、nts a “compositing” and replacement of three previous Standards, AMS03-14/Def Stan 03-14 Issue 3, Def Stan 03-31 Issue 1 and Def Stan 02-870 Issue 2. For technical and economic reasons, early and close liaison between designers, manufacturers, electrodepositors and inspectors is essential. As it is
18、virtually impossible to test the adhesion of chromium coatings in a non-destructive manner, integrity of workmanship is especially important and there is clear need for careful control at each stage of processing - including visual inspection for cleanliness of the surface immediately before electro
19、deposition. TYPES OF CHROMIUM COATINGS The character of a chromium plate (e.g., hardness, crack pattern) can vary substantially depending largely on the chemistry of the electrodeposition bath. For instance, the presence of cracks in hard chromium coating is essentially an inherent feature of the pr
20、ocess but the detailed crack pattern (and linked properties such as hardness, wear resistance and corrosion behavior) is very much dependent upon the process chemistry. The background and guidelines relating to the various types of hard chromium processes are presented in Annex A. SECTION 2 GENERAL
21、REQUIREMENTS 1. SCOPE This SAE Standard gives guidance for - and specifies the requirements for - the electrodeposition of chromium for engineering purposes. It relates to both new articles and also the reclamation of worn or over-machined components. Chromium electrodeposition undertaken for decora
22、tive purposes is not considered herein. 2. WARNING This section which appeared in DEF STAN 03-14 Issue 4 has been deliberately deleted. 3. NORMATIVE REFERENCES 3.1 The publications shown below are referred to in the text of this standard. Publications are grouped and listed in alpha-numeric order. D
23、ef Stan 03-2 Cleaning and preparation of metal surfaces AMS03-2 Cleaning and preparation of metal surfaces Def Stan 03-4 The pre-treatment and protection of steel items of maximum tensile strength exceeding 1450 MPa AMS03-4 The pre-treatment and protection of steel items of maximum tensile strength
24、exceeding 1450 MPa Def Stan 03-21 Mechanical methods for the inducement of compressive surface residual stresses Def Stan 03-24 Chromic acid anodising of aluminium and aluminium alloys SAE INTERNATIONAL AMS03-14 Page 5 of 28 Def Stan 03-25 Sulphuric acid anodising of aluminium and aluminium alloys A
25、MS03-25 Sulphuric Acid Anodizing of Aluminum and Aluminum alloys Def Stan 03-27 Electrodeposition of nickel for engineering purposes AMS03-27 Electrodeposition of nickel for engineering purposes BS 5599 Specification for hard anodic oxidation coatings on aluminium and its alloys for engineering purp
26、oses BS 6041 ISO 4519 Method of Sampling of electrodeposited metallic coatings and related finishes: procedures for inspection by attributes BS ISO 9587 Metallic and other inorganic coatings - pretreatment of iron and steel to reduce the risks of hydrogen embrittlement BS ISO 9588 Metallic and other
27、 inorganic coatings - post-coating treatments of iron and steel to reduce the risks of hydrogen embrittlement BS EN 12659 Lead and lead alloys - Lead BS EN ISO 1463 Metallic and oxide coatings - Measurement of thickness - Microscopical method BS EN ISO 2177 Metallic coatings - Measurement of coating
28、 thickness - Coulometric method by anodic dissolution BS EN ISO 2178 Non-magnetic coatings on magnetic substrates - Measurement of coating thickness - Magnetic method BS EN ISO 2819 Metallic coatings on metallic substrates - Electrodeposited and chemically deposited coatings - Review of methods avai
29、lable for testing adhesion BS EN ISO 3497 Metallic coatings - Measurement of coating thickness - x-ray spectrometric method BS EN ISO 3543 Metallic and non-metallic coatings - Measurement of thickness - Beta backscatter method BS EN ISO 4516 Methods of test for metallic and related coatings - Vicker
30、s and Knoop microhardness tests BS EN ISO 6507-1 Metallic materials. Vickers hardness test, test method BS EN ISO 9227 Corrosion tests in artificial atmospheres - Salt spray tests ASTM B 602 - 88 Standard test method for attribute sampling of metallic and inorganic coatings 3.2 This section which ap
31、peared in DEF STAN 03-14 Issue 4 has been deliberately deleted. 3.3 This section which appeared in DEF STAN 03-14 Issue 4 has been deliberately deleted. 3.4 This section which appeared in DEF STAN 03-14 Issue 4 has been deliberately deleted. 4. ABBREVIATIONS HV Vickers hardness number Micron Microme
32、ter, 1 x 10-6m SAE INTERNATIONAL AMS03-14 Page 6 of 28 5. DEFINITIONS The following definitions apply. 5.1 PROCESS CONTROL SCHEDULE The document which specifies/defines: a. The sequence of manufacturing operations and processes. b. The control parameters and their tolerances for each individual proc
33、ess within the total sequence. 5.2 SIGNIFICANT SURFACE That area of the item, covered or to be covered by the coating, and for which the coating is essential for serviceability and/or appearance. 5.3 SHOT PEENING Impingement of a stream of spherical particles on to the surface to be electrodeposited
34、 in order to produce compressive stresses in the surface regions of the substrate metal. 5.4 TENSILE STRENGTH OF STEELS 5.4.1 Throughout this Standard the tensile strength figures refer to specified maximum tensile strength. Steels shall be categorized according to specified maximum tensile strength
35、 in accordance with Table 1. Where the steel strength is available only as the minimum tensile strength, the equivalent maximum tensile strength category shall be determined from Table 1. Table 1 - Specified minimum/maximum tensile strengths of steels Specified Minimum Tensile Strength, MPa Specifie
36、d Maximum Tensile Strength, MPa Up to 1000 Up to 1100 1001 to 1400 1101 to 1450 1401 to 1800 1451 to 1800 Over 1800 Over 1800 5.4.2 Tensile Strength/Hardness Relationship If no maximum or minimum tensile strength is specified for the steel, hardness values of 310HV, 340HV, 435HV, 450HV and 545HV (as
37、 measured in accordance with BS EN ISO 6507-1) shall be regarded as equivalent to 1000, 1100, 1400, 1450, and 1800 MPa respectively. Steels that have been wholly or partly surface hardened shall be considered as being in the category appropriate to the hardness of the surface hardened layer. 6. INFO
38、RMATION TO BE SUPPLIED TO THE PROCESSOR The following information shall be given on the drawing, contract or order: a. The number of this AMS Material Specification or its superseded Defence Standard. b. For new articles, the specification and metallurgical condition of the basis metal. c. For recla
39、imed components, the specification and metallurgical condition of the basis metal or as much relevant information as is available - including application/operating conditions, e.g., fatigue loading, corrosive environment, etc. SAE INTERNATIONAL AMS03-14 Page 7 of 28 d. The significant surface; this
40、may be indicated on the drawing or by a marked sample. e. The process to be used. f. The details of any pre and post-deposition heat treatment. g. The thickness of the coating required or the final dimensions of the finished item - the latter is especially relevant for build-up of worn components wh
41、ere maximum thickness allowed should be specified (see 12.1). h. The details (type and thickness) of any necessary undercoat to be applied. i. The details of any finishing treatment required. j. The final finish of the chromium, e.g., as electrodeposited or ground to a specified surface texture. k.
42、For titanium and its alloys, the preparation for electrodeposition. l. The details of any special requirements (e.g., masking). 7. PROCESS CONTROL 7.1 A Process Control Schedule suitable of achieving the requirements of this Standard shall be prepared by the processing contractor(s) prior to the com
43、mencement of production. 7.2 Details of the coating process, including all preparatory treatments, post coating treatments, processing, significant surfaces, tests and all other processes and treatments shall be included in the Process Control Schedule. 7.3 All stages in the complete Schedule shall
44、follow each other without delay. SECTION 3 PROCESS REQUIREMENTS 8. CONDITION OF SUBSTRATE 8.1 All plastic forming, and heat treatment (excluding post electrodeposition heat treatment) shall be completed before electrodeposition. 8.2 Operations for the removal of metal may be carried out after electr
45、odeposition. 8.3 The significant surface shall be free from harmful defects and, where possible, all edges and re-entrant angles should be rounded. It is particularly important to avoid stress concentration sites such as sharp notches, small radii and sudden changes of section in the design of the i
46、tem because of the tendency of cracks to penetrate the chromium deposit thereby producing stress-raisers, coupled with the difficulty of depositing chromium in re-entrant angles thus accentuating notch effects. 8.4 Although most chromium coatings relevant to this Standard normally require grinding,
47、items on which the chromium coating is not to be ground after electrodeposition shall have an initial surface texture at least as smooth as that required for the finished chromium coating. 8.5 Where more than one type of coating is to be applied on different areas of the same item, the chromium elec
48、trodeposition operation shall normally be the first to be applied. 9. CHROMIUM ELECTRODEPOSITION PROCESS 9.1 Details of a suitable chromium electrodeposition process are given in Annex B and suitable methods of analysis of the electrolyte are given in Annex C. SAE INTERNATIONAL AMS03-14 Page 8 of 28
49、 9.2 Any other chromium electrodeposition process (see A.2.2 and A.2.3) may be used provided that the alternative produces a coating at least equivalent to that produced using the standard process in relation to hardness, fatigue properties, freedom from hydrogen embrittlement and protection against corrosion where these are significant to the particular application. 9.3 For items not subject to corrosion, electrodeposition should be c
