1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there
2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2010 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication m
3、ay be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (outside U
4、SA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/AMS2416L AEROSPACE MATERIAL SPECIFICATION AMS2416 REV. L Issued 1955-08 Revised 2010-12 Super
5、seding AMS2416K Plating, Nickel-Cadmium Diffused RATIONALE AMS2416L results from a Five Year Review and update of this specification. NOTICE ORDERING INFORMATION: The following information shall be provided to the plating processor by the purchaser. 1) Purchase order shall specify not less than the
6、following: AMS2416L Plating thickness desired. See 3.3.1. Basis metal to be plated Tensile strength or hardness of the basis metal Pre-plate stress relief to be performed by plating processor (time and temperature) if different from 3.1.1 Special features, geometry or processing present on parts tha
7、t requires special attention by the plating processor Minimum thickness on internal surfaces, if required. See 3.3.1.1. Optional: Periodic testing frequency (4.2.2) and sample quantity (4.3.3) Quantity of pieces to be plated 2) Parts manufacturing operations such as heat treating, forming, joining a
8、nd media finishing can affect the condition of the substrate for plating, or if performed after plating, could adversely affect the plated part. The sequencing of these types of operations should be specified by the cognizant engineering organization or purchaser and is not controlled by this specif
9、ication. SAE AMS2416L Page 2 of 9 1. SCOPE 1.1 Purpose This specification covers the requirements for an electrodeposit of cadmium diffused into an electrodeposit of nickel on carbon, low-alloy, and corrosion-resistant steels. 1.2 Application This coating has been used typically to prevent corrosion
10、 of carbon, low-alloy, and corrosion resistant steel parts that may operate in service up to 900 F (482 C), but usage is not limited to such applications. This process is not suitable for use on parts of complex shape where minimum nickel plate thickness requirements cannot be met and on parts whose
11、 hardness or strength would be reduced below drawing or specification requirements by heating to 640 F (338 C). 1.3 Safety - Hazardous Materials While the materials, methods, applications, and processes described or referenced in this specification may involve the use of hazardous materials, this sp
12、ecification does not address the hazards which may be involved in such use. It is the sole responsibility of the user to ensure familiarity with the safe and proper use of any hazardous materials and to take necessary precautionary measures to ensure the health and safety of all personnel involved.
13、1.4 Warning This document includes cadmium as a plating material. The use of cadmium has been restricted and/or banned for use in many countries due to environmental and health concerns. The user should consult with local officials on applicable health and environmental regulations regarding its use
14、. 2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS The issue of the following documents in effect on the date of the purchase order forms a part of this specification to the extent specified herein. The supplier may work to a subsequent revision of a document unless a specific document issue is specified. When the reference
15、d document has been cancelled and no superseding document has been specified, the last published issue of that document shall apply. 2.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (ou
16、tside USA), www.sae.org. AMS2750 Pyrometry 2.2 ASTM Publications Available from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Tel: 610-832-9585, www.astm.org. ASTM B 117 Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Testing Apparatus ASTM B 487 Measurement of Metal and Oxi
17、de Coating Thicknesses by Microscopical Examination of a Cross Section. ASTM B 499 Measurement of Coating Thicknesses by the Magnetic Method; Nonmagnetic Coatings on Magnetic Basis Metals ASTM B 504 Measurement of Thickness of Metallic Coatings by the Coulometric Method SAE AMS2416L Page 3 of 9 ASTM
18、 B 567 Measurement of Coating Thickness by Beta Backscatter Method ASTM B 568 Measurement of Coating Thickness by X-ray Spectrometry ASTM B 636 Measurement of Internal Stress of Plated Metallic Coatings With the Spiral Contractometer ASTM E 376 Measuring of Coating Thickness by Magnetic-Field or Edd
19、y-Current (Electromagnetic) Test Methods 3. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS 3.1 Preparation 3.1.1 Stress Relief Treatment All steel parts having hardness 40 HRC or above and that are machined, ground, cold formed or cold straightened shall be cleaned to remove surface contamination and thermally stress relie
20、ved before plating for relief of residual tensile stresses. Temperatures to which parts are heated shall be such that maximum stress relief is obtained without reducing hardness of parts below drawing limits, but, unless otherwise specified, not less than 275 F (135 C) for not less than 5 hours for
21、parts having hardness of 55 HRC or higher, or not less than 375 F (191 C) for not less than 4 hours for other parts. Residual tensile stresses have been found to be damaging during electrofinishing. 3.1.1.1 For parts, excluding nitrided parts, having a hardness of 55 HRC and above, including carburi
22、zed and induction hardened parts, stress relieve at 275 F 25 (135 C 14) for a minimum of 5 hours. 3.1.1.2 For parts having a hardness less than 55 HRC, stress relieve at 375 F 25 (191 C 14) for a minimum of 4 hours. Nitrided parts fall into this category. Higher temperatures shall be used only when
23、specified or approved by the cognizant engineering organization. 3.1.1.3 For peened parts, if stress relief temperatures above 375 F (191 C) are elected, the stress relief shall be performed prior to peening or the cognizant engineering organization shall be consulted and shall approve the stress re
24、lief temperature. 3.1.2 The plating shall be applied over a surface free from water breaks. The cleaning procedure shall not produce pitting or intergranular attack of the basis metal and shall preserve dimensional requirements. 3.1.3 Except for barrel plating, electrical contact points shall be as
25、follows. For parts which are to be plated all over, locations shall be acceptable to the cognizant engineering organization. For parts which are not to be plated all over, locations shall be in areas on which plating is not required. 3.2 Procedure 3.2.1 Nickel Plating Nickel shall be electrodeposite
26、d from a sulfamate solution, or other plating bath acceptable to the cognizant engineering organization, containing no substances that might have a detrimental effect on the properties of the plate or the basis metal; stress-reducing agents shall not be used unless authorized by the cognizant engine
27、ering organization. The nickel plate shall be deposited directly on the basis metal. A preliminary strike or flash of nickel especially on corrosion-resistant steels or similarly passive materials is permissible. A strike or flash of any metal other than nickel is prohibited. Spotting-in is not perm
28、itted. 3.2.1.1 After being nickel plated, parts shall be thoroughly rinsed and transferred directly to the cadmium plating solution. Parts to be used for determining thickness of the nickel plate shall be rinsed after neutralization in alkaline solution and dried. Parts shall be reactivated and cadm
29、ium plated as soon as possible after determination of nickel plate thickness. SAE AMS2416L Page 4 of 9 3.2.1.2 Specimens to be used for determining stress in the nickel plate shall be processed in the same manner as specified for parts to be used for determining nickel plate thickness. 3.2.2 Cadmium
30、 Plating Cadmium shall be electrodeposited from a suitable cadmium plating solution. The cadmium shall be deposited directly on the nickel plate. CAUTION: Cadmium shall not be deposited on any area not covered by nickel plate. Parts, after plating to desired thickness, shall be thoroughly rinsed and
31、, if not subjected to conversion coating as in 3.2.3, dried. 3.2.3 Conversion Coating After rinsing following cadmium plating and without drying, parts shall be conversion coated unless otherwise specified. Processor shall prevent fingerprints and stains. Parts shall be throughly rinsed and dried af
32、ter conversion coating. Parts that are not treated with a conversion coating shall be marked with a suitable dye that will change color during the diffusion treatment. 3.2.4 Diffusion Treatment Parts, after conversion coating or dyeing, shall be heated in a circulating-air furnace conforming to AMS2
33、750 for steel tempering furnaces and having a uniformity of 10 F (6 C). The set temperature shall be 630 F (332 C). Parts shall be held at heat for not less than 30 minutes, and cooled in air. For steel parts having a hardness greater than 40 HRC, this diffusion treatment shall start within 4 hours
34、of completion of plating. 3.3 Properties The diffused nickel-cadmium plate shall conform to the following requirements. 3.3.1 Thickness 3.3.1.1 Nickel plate shall, except as specified in 3.3.1.1.1, be 0.0002 to 0.0004 inch (5 to 10 m) thick on significant surfaces of parts and not less than 0.00005
35、inch (1.3 m) thick on surfaces of parts on which a controlled deposit cannot be maintained, such as holes, grooves, recesses, etc; nickel plate thickness greater than 0.0004 inch (10 m) will be permissible in high current density areas. Uncontrolled plate thickness areas are defined as those areas t
36、hat cannot be touched by a 0.75-inch (19-mm) diameter sphere except for the threaded portion of externally threaded fasteners, for which thickness shall be not less than 0.0001 inch (2.5 m). Thickness of nickel plate shall be determined, prior to cadmium plating, in accordance with ASTM B 487, ASTM
37、B 499, ASTM B 504, ASTM B 567, ASTM B 568, ASTM E 376, or other method acceptable to the cognizant engineering organization on representative parts or on test panels processed and plated simultaneously with the parts. See 4.3.4.2. 3.3.1.1.1 If nickel plate thickness greater than 0.0002 to 0.0004 inc
38、h (5 to 10 m) is desired, such thickness may be specified by this specification number followed by a dash and a number indicating the minimum nickel plate thickness in ten-thousandths of an inch (2.5 m); a tolerance of +0.0002 inch (+5 m) will be permitted when the minimum thickness is 0.0003 inch (
39、7.6 m) and +0.0003 inch (+7.6 m) will be permitted when the minimum thickness is 0.0004 inch (10 m) or more. Thus, AMS2416/3 indicates nickel plate thickness of 0.0003 to 0.0005 inch (7.6 to 12.5 m) and AMS2416/5 indicates nickel plate thickness of 0.0005 to 0.0008 inch (12.7 to 20 m). 3.3.1.2 Cadmi
40、um Plate Before the diffusion treatment of 3.2.4, thickness shall be 0.0001 to 0.0003 inch (2.5 to 7.6 m). SAE AMS2416L Page 5 of 9 3.3.2 Heat Resistance Representative parts or specimens as in 4.3.4.1 shall show no cracks or blisters in the plate after being heated in air, preferably in a circulati
41、ng-air furnace, as specified in 3.3.2.1 and 3.3.2.2. The presence of weakly adhering oxide scale is acceptable. 3.3.2.1 Heat to 700 F 10 (371 C 6), hold at heat for 23 hours 0.5, transfer without intentional cooling to a furnace at 1000 F 10 (538 C 6), hold at heat for 60 minutes 5, and cool to room
42、 temperature. 3.3.2.2 Heat to 700 F 10 (371 C 6), hold at heat for 2 hours 0.25, transfer without intentional cooling to a furnace at 1000 F 10 (538 C 6), hold at heat for 2 hours 0.25, and cool to room temperature. 3.3.3 Corrosion Resistance Parts, other than externally threaded fasteners, or test
43、specimens as in 4.3.4.1 shall show no visual evidence of corrosion of the basis metal, determined by exposure for 96 hours to salt spray corrosion test conducted in accordance with ASTM B 117. This requirement applies to parts or specimens both after diffusion heating as in 3.2.4 and after heat resi
44、stance test of 3.3.2.1. 3.3.3.1 For externally threaded fasteners, unless otherwise permitted by the cognizant engineering organization, representative parts shall show no visual evidence of corrosion of the basis metal, determined by exposure for 96 hours to salt spray corrosion test conducted in a
45、ccordance with ASTM B 117. This requirement applies to parts after diffusion heating as in 3.2.4. 3.3.4 Nickel plate stress shall be in the range of 5000 psi (34 MPa) in compression to 15 000 psi (103 MPa) in tension, determined in accordance with ASTM B 636 on specimens having nickel plate thicknes
46、s of 0.0003 inch (7.6 m) or greater. See 3.2.1.2. 3.4 Quality 3.4.1 Nickel plate shall be firmly and continuously bonded to the basis metal and shall be free of delamination within the plating, smooth, uniform in appearance on areas of equivalent hardness and surface finish, and free from frosty are
47、as, pin holes, nodules, blisters, and other imperfections detrimental to performance of the plate. 3.4.2 Cadmium plate shall be firmly and continuously bonded to the nickel plate and shall be uniform in appearance and free from pin holes, porosity, blisters, nodules, pits, and other imperfections de
48、trimental to performance of the plate. 3.4.3 Diffused nickel-cadmium plate shall have a smooth, dull, matte finish, shall be free from balling, when examined under magnification up to 10X, and shall be smooth to the touch. Color of conversion-coated parts may vary. Color need not be uniform on any o
49、ne part but mottled, blotched, or sharply streaked areas are not acceptable. Color of dye marking shall be characteristic of the dye used. 4. QUALITY ASSURANCE PROVISIONS 4.1 Responsibility for Inspection The processor shall supply all specimens for processors tests and shall be responsible for the performance of all required tests. Where
