1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there
2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2013 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this p
3、ublication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-497
4、0 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/AMS4945F AEROSPACE MATERIAL SPECIFICATION AMS4945 REV. F Issued 1989-01 Revised 2
5、014-02 Superseding AMS4945E Titanium Alloy Tubing, Seamless, Hydraulic 3Al - 2.5V, Controlled Contractile Strain Ratio Cold Worked, Stress Relieved (Composition similar to UNS R56320) RATIONALE AMS4945F results from an update of this specification and includes a reduction in hydrogen content and rem
6、oval of an increasesd sample weight allowance (Table 1), use of vacuum/inert gas furnaces (3.3.2), reduced flarability sampling (4.3.3) and revised reporting (4.5). 1. SCOPE 1.1 Form This specification covers a titanium alloy in the form of seamless tubing. 1.2 Application This tubing has been used
7、typically for parts, such as hydraulic lines, requiring high fatigue strength and oxidation resistance up to 600 F (316 C) and weldability, but usage is not limited to such applications. 2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS The issue of the following documents in effect on the date of the purchase order forms a
8、part of this specification to the extent specified herein. The supplier may work to a subsequent revision of a document unless a specific document issue is specified. When the referenced document has been cancelled and no superseding document has been specified, the last published issue of that docu
9、ment shall apply. 2.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org. AMS2244 Tolerances, Titanium and Titanium Alloy Tubing AMS2249 Chemical Check Analysis Lim
10、its, Titanium and Titanium Alloys AMS2634 Ultrasonic Inspection, Thin Wall Metal Tubing AMS2750 Pyrometry SAE INTERNATIONAL AMS4945F Page 2 of 10 AMS2809 Identification, Titanium and Titanium Alloy Wrought Products AS4076 Contractile Strain Ratio Testing of Titanium Hydraulic Tubing AS33611 Tube Ben
11、d Radii 2.2 ASTM Publications Available from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Tel: 610-832-9585, www.astm.org. ASTM E 8 / E 8M Tension Testing of Metallic Materials ASTM E 1409 Determination of Oxygen and Nitrogen in Titanium and Titanium Al
12、loys by the Inert Gas Fusion Technique ASTM E 1447 Determination of Hydrogen in Titanium and Titanium Alloys by the Inert Gas Fusion Thermal Conductivity/Infrared Detection Method ASTM E 1941 Determination of Carbon in Refractory and Reactive Metals and Their Alloys ASTM E 2371 Analysis of Titanium
13、and Titanium Alloys by Direct Current Plasma and Inductively Coupled Atomic Emission Spectrometry 2.3 ASME Publications Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 22 Law Drive, P.O. Box 2900, Fairfield, NJ 07007-2900, Tel: 973-882-1170, www.asme.org. ASME B46.1 Surface Texture (Roughne
14、ss, Waviness and Lay) 3. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS 3.1 Composition Shall conform to the percentages by weight shown in Table 1; carbon shall be determined in accordance with ASTM E 1941, hydrogen in accordance with ASTM E 1447, oxygen and nitrogen in accordance with ASTM E 1409, and other elements in a
15、ccordance with ASTM E 2371. Other analytical methods may be used if acceptable to the purchaser. TABLE 1 - COMPOSITION Element min max Aluminum Vanadium Iron Oxygen Carbon Nitrogen Hydrogen Yttrium (3.1.1) Other Elements, each (3.1.1) Other Elements, total (3.1.1) Titanium 2.50 2.00 - - - - - - - -
16、remainder 3.50 3.00 0.30 0.12 0.05 0.020 0.005 0.005 0.10 0.40 (200 ppm) (50 ppm) (50 ppm) 3.1.1 Determination not required for routine acceptance. 3.1.2 Check Analysis Composition variations shall meet the applicable requirements of AMS2249. SAE INTERNATIONAL AMS4945F Page 3 of 10 3.2 Melting Pract
17、ice Alloy shall be multiple melted. The first melt shall be made by vacuum consumable electrode, nonconsumable electrode, electron beam cold hearth, or plasma arc cold hearth melting practice. The subsequent melt or melts shall be made under vacuum using vacuum arc remelting (VAR) practice. Alloy ad
18、ditions are not permitted in the final melt cycle. 3.2.1 The atmosphere for nonconsumable electrode melting shall be vacuum or shall be argon and/or helium at an absolute pressure not higher than 1000 mm of mercury. 3.2.2 The electrode tip for nonconsumable electrode melting shall be water-cooled co
19、pper. 3.3 Condition Cold worked and stress relieved by heating to a temperature not lower than 700 F (371 C) and holding at heat for not less than 30 minutes. Tubing that is rotary straightened after final reduction shall be stress relieved at a minimum temperature of 700 F (371 C) for not less than
20、 2 hours after straightening. Pyrometry shall be in accordance with AMS2750. 3.3.1 Furnaces shall meet the requirements of AMS2750. Furnaces shall be a minimum Class 5 (25 F/14 C) with a minimum of Type D instrumentation. 3.3.2 Heat treatment operations shall be performed under vacuum or inert gas.
21、3.4 Properties Tubing shall conform to the following requirements: 3.4.1 Tensile Properties Shall be as shown in Table 2, determined in accordance with ASTM E 8 / E 8M with the rate of strain set at 0.005 inch/inch/minute (0.005 mm/mm/minute) and maintained within a tolerance of 0.002 inch/inch/minu
22、te (0.002 mm/mm/minute) through the 0.2% offset yield strain. TABLE 2 - MINIMUM TENSILE PROPERTIES Property Value Tensile Strength Yield Strength at 0.2% Offset Elongation in 2 Inches (50.8 mm) Nominal Wall Thickness Up to 0.016 inch (0.41 mm), incl Over 0.016 inch (0.41 mm) 125 ksi (862 MPa) 105 ks
23、i (724 MPa) 8% 10% 3.4.2 Flarability Specimens as in 4.3.3 shall withstand flaring at room temperature, without formation of cracks or other visible defects, by being forced axially, with steady pressure, over a hardened and polished tapered steel pin having a 74-degree included angle to produce a f
24、lare having a permanent expanded OD not less than 1.20 times the original nominal OD. SAE INTERNATIONAL AMS4945F Page 4 of 10 3.4.3 Pressure Testing Tubing shall show no bulges, leaks, pin holes, cracks, or other defects when subjected to an internal hydrostatic pressure (P) sufficient to cause a te
25、nsile stress of 105 ksi (724 MPa) in the tubing wall, except that a diametric permanent set of 0.002 inch/inch (0.002 mm/mm) of diameter is acceptable. The hydrostatic pressure (P) shall be determined from Equation 1: P SD2d2D2d2+-=(Eq. 1) where: P = Test pressure in ksi (MPa) S = 105 ksi (724 MPa)
26、D = Nominal OD d = Nominal ID 3.4.4 Bending Tubing shall not develop cracks, tears, breaks, or other flaws when bent 180 degrees around a suitable bend die having a centerline radius equal to three times the nominal OD of the tubing. A solid rod or ball-type retractable mandrel inserted to the tange
27、nt of the bend shall be used to support the inside of the tube during bending to restrict flattening to a value that does not exceed 3% of the nominal OD of the tube. Flattening shall be measured in accordance with AS33611. 3.4.5 Flattening The inside and outside surfaces of tubing shall show no cra
28、cks, tears, breaks, opened die marks, or opened polishing marks when a full section of the tube is flattened between parallel plates under a load applied gradually and perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis until the distance between the plates is not greater than shown in Table 3. After examinati
29、on of the outside surfaces, the samples shall be split longitudinally and the inside surfaces examined. Examination of tube surfaces shall be at 5 to 10X magnification. TABLE 3 - FLATTENING TEST Outside Diameter to Wall Thickness Ratio OD/t Distance Between Plates (t = Wall Thickness) Up to 12, incl
30、 Not Required Over 12 to 16, incl 12t Over 16 to 30, incl 15t Over 30 to 50, incl 17t 3.4.5.1 As an alternate flattening test, a half-tube sample shall be pressed to produce a flat surface approximately 3/8 inch (9.5 mm) wide on the tubing ID. 3.4.6 Microstructure Shall be predominantly an elongated
31、 wrought structure, with some areas of partially transformed beta structure permissible. Standards shall be acceptable to purchaser. Tubing shall be free of any oxygen-rich layer, such as alpha case (See 8.2), or other surface contamination, determined by microscopic examination at not lower than 40
32、0X magnification or by other method agreed upon by purchaser and vendor. 3.4.7 Contractile Strain Ratio The contractile strain ratio (CSR), when tested in accordance with AS4076, shall be not less than 1.3 for tubing sizes with wall thicknesses up to and including those indicated in Table 4. The CSR
33、 for tubing sizes up to and including those indicated in Table 5, shall be not less than 1.5. SAE INTERNATIONAL AMS4945F Page 5 of 10 TABLE 4 - TUBING SIZES FOR 1.3 MINIMUM CONTRACTILE STRAIN RATIO Nominal OD Inch Nominal OD Millimeters Maximum Wall Thickness Inch Maximum Wall Thickness Millimeters
34、3/16 4.8 0.020 0.51 1/4 6.4 0.022 0.56 3/8 9.5 0.032 0.81 1/2 12.7 0.043 1.09 5/8 15.9 0.054 1.37 3/4 19.0 0.065 1.65 7/8 22.2 0.077 1.96 1 25.4 0.088 2.24 TABLE 5 - TUBING SIZES FOR 1.5 MINIMUM CONTRACTILE STRAIN RATIO Nominal OD Inch Nominal OD Millimeters Maximum Wall Thickness Inch Maximum Wall
35、Thickness Millimeters 1-1/4 31.8 0.087 2.21 1-1/2 38.1 0.090 2.29 3.5 Quality Tubing, as received by purchaser, shall be uniform in quality and condition and shall have a finish conforming to the best practice for high quality aircraft tubing. It shall be smooth and free from scale or oxide, burrs,
36、seams, tears, grooves, laminations, slivers, pits, and other imperfections detrimental to usage of the tubing. Surface imperfections, such as handling marks or straightening marks, will not be considered injurious if the imperfections are removable within the tolerances specified for wall thickness
37、but removal of such imperfections is not required. 3.5.1 Each tube shall be ultrasonically inspected in accordance with AMS2634, Class AA, for ID, OD, and subsurface imperfections of all types and orientation (longitudinal and transverse). 3.5.2 Surface Condition 3.5.2.1 OD Surface Shall show a unif
38、ormly acid-pickled surface finish; not less than 0.001 inch (0.025 mm) shall have been chemically removed from the wall thickness as a finishing operation. Soft, belt polishing prior to the pickling operation is permissible; traces of the polishing marks may remain after the pickling operation. Cent
39、erless grinding or other mechanical operations are not permitted. 3.5.2.2 ID Surface Shall show a uniform matte finish, produced by abrasive blasting with grit not larger than 100 mesh (150 m) followed by forced-flow, acid pickling to remove not less than 0.0005 inch (0.013 mm) from the wall thickne
40、ss. 3.5.2.3 Surface Roughness Shall be not greater than 63 microinches (1.6 m) on the ID and 32 microinches (0.8 m) on the OD, determined in accordance with ASME B46.1. 3.5.2.4 The ID and OD surfaces of the tubing shall be free from grease and other foreign matter. Metallic flakes or particles shall
41、 not be collected by a clean, white cloth drawn through the length of the bore of a test sample. Discoloration of the cloth, without the presence of flakes or particles, is acceptable. SAE INTERNATIONAL AMS4945F Page 6 of 10 3.6 Tolerances Shall conform to all applicable requirements of the followin
42、g: 3.6.1 Outer Diameter Shall be as specified in Table 6; tolerances shown include ovality. TABLE 6A - TOLERANCES, OUTER DIAMETER, INCH/POUND UNITS Nominal OD Inches Tolerance Inch Plus Tolerance Inch Minus Over 0.093 to 0.187, incl 0.002 0.000 Over 0.187 to 0.499, incl 0.003 0.000 Over 0.499 to 0.7
43、49, incl 0.004 0.000 Over 0.749 to 0.999, incl 0.004 0.001 Over 0.999 to 1.499, incl 0.004 0.002 Over 1.499 to 1.999, incl 0.005 0.002 TABLE 6B - TOLERANCES, OUTER DIAMETER, SI UNITS Nominal OD Millimeters Tolerance Millimeter Plus Tolerance Millimeter Minus Over 2.36 to 4.75, incl 0.05 0.00 Over 4.
44、75 to 12.67, incl 0.08 0.00 Over 12.67 to 19.02, incl 0.10 0.00 Over 19.02 to 25.37, incl 0.10 0.025 Over 25.37 to 38.07, incl 0.10 0.05 Over 38.07 to 50.77, incl 0.13 0.05 3.6.1.1 Diameter tolerances for tubing 0.093 inch (2.36 mm) and under or over 1.999 inches (50.77 mm) in nominal OD shall be as
45、 agreed upon by purchaser and vendor. 3.6.2 Inner Diameter Shall be as specified in Table 7. The nominal inner diameter is defined as being equal to the nominal OD minus twice the nominal wall thickness. TABLE 7A - TOLERANCES, INNER DIAMETER, INCH/POUND UNITS Nominal ID Inches Tolerance Inch Plus To
46、lerance Inch Minus Up to 0.338, incl 0.0015 0.0015 Over 0.338 to 0.449, incl 0.002 0.002 Over 0.449 to 0.673, incl 0.0025 0.0025 Over 0.673 to 0.900, incl 0.003 0.003 Over 0.900 and above 0.004 0.004 SAE INTERNATIONAL AMS4945F Page 7 of 10 TABLE 7B - TOLERANCES, INNER DIAMETER, SI UNITS Nominal ID M
47、illimeters Tolerance Millimeter Plus Tolerance Millimeter Minus Up to 8.59, incl 0.038 0.038 Over 8.59 to 11.40, incl 0.05 0.05 Over 11.40 to 17.09, incl 0.064 0.064 Over 17.09 to 22.86, incl 0.08 0.08 Over 22.86 and above 0.10 0.10 3.6.3 Wall Thickness All tubing 1.500 inches (38.10 mm) and under i
48、n nominal OD shall have a wall thickness not less than 95% of nominal. 3.6.4 Length and Straightness Shall conform to AMS2244. 4. QUALITY ASSURANCE PROVISIONS 4.1 Responsibility for Inspection The vendor of tubing shall supply all samples for vendors tests and shall be responsible for the performanc
49、e of all required tests. Purchaser reserves the right to sample and to perform any confirmatory testing deemed necessary to ensure that the tubing conforms to specified requirements. 4.2 Classification of Tests 4.2.1 Acceptance Tests All technical requirements except pressure testing (3.4.3) are acceptance tests and shall be performed on each heat or lot as applicable. 4.2.2 Periodic Tests Pressure
