1、_SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising theref
2、rom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2008 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication ma
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4、Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/ARD5700ARD5700 AEROSPACERESOURCEDOCUMENTIssued 2008-10 Issues Associated With Development and Impl
5、ementation of Vertical Flight Aircraft RATIONALEThis document is provided to reflect the changes and additional data that has been developed relating to the issues listed in the original ARD50018 as well to add new issues that have arisen and that need to be addressed and answered. FOREWORDThe integ
6、ration of vertical flight aircraft, from rotorcraft-helicopters to gyroplanes, vectored thrust and powered-lift aircraft, is becoming more crucial as airspace becomes more congested. It can reasonably be expected that vertical flight aircraft will be an integral part of the solution to airspace cong
7、estion and passenger transportation demand. Studies conducted by the FAA and industry indicate that vertical flight applications coupled with simultaneous non-interfering (SNI) IFR operations provides more than 35% increases in operations and passenger throughput at congested airfields. This documen
8、t lists and explains the efforts of the SAE G-10 Aerospace Behavioral Engineering Technology (G-10 ABET) Vertical Flight (VF) Subcommittee to list, evaluate and explain the issues associated with the integration of vertical flight aircraft into the National Airspace System. It is a replacement/updat
9、e document to replace ARD50018. To further that end, this document provides a central source for the tracking of human engineering and performance issues related to the design, development and implementation of vertical flight integration solutions. It is intended that this paper be a living as well
10、 as historical report on the relevant vertical flight issues, and will be updated regularly to reflect research activities onthese issues. Issues will not be removed from this report as they are resolved but rather will remain in order to document work produced and accomplished. NOTE: THIS DOCUMENT
11、IS A NONCONSENSUS DRAFT REPORT MADE AVAILABLE BY AN SAE TECHNICAL COMMITTEE DURING THE PROCESS OF STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT. THE INFORMATION CONTRAINED IN THIS REPORT IS BEING DISSEMINATED SOLELY FOR COMMENT PURPOSE AND SHOULD NOT BE RELIED ON UPON AT THIS TIME. SAE ARD5700 - 2 -The objectives of this d
12、ocument are: 1. To identify the human engineering issues (both historical and current) affecting the integration of vertical flight aircraftinto the NAS 2. To categorize these issues relative to their importance 3. To provide requirements for research activities to address the issues raised 4. To pr
13、ovide a methodology for systematically identifying areas of concern 5. To provide a repository for the human engineering knowledge developed in support of the integration of vertical flight aircraft into the NAS. The material contained in this document is a result of the efforts of the SAE G-10 Aero
14、space Behavioral Engineering Technology (ABET) Vertical Flight Subcommittee. It has been reviewed by the Subcommittee and reflects the consensus of its members. It is in no way intended to be all inclusive or rigorous, but rather merely a beginning. Any comments or information concerning the issues
15、contained herein or any further issues not yet addressed should be directed to the Subcommittee via SAE. SAE ARD5700 - 3 -TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. PURPOSE AND SCOPE 41.1 Purpose. 41.2 Scope 42. REFERENCES 42.1 Applicable Documents 42.2 Other Applicable References 52.3 Related Publications . 52.4 Definit
16、ions . 62.5 Acronyms and Terminology 63. OBJECTIVES 74. DEFINITIONS OF ISSUES (IMPLEMENTATION IMPACT) CATEGORIES 74.1 Critical . 74.2 Serious 74.3 Desirable . 75. REPORT CAPABILITIES 86. OPEN ISSUES 86.1 Standard for Use of Simulation Training as Equivalent for Aviation Experience 86.2 Standard of D
17、ifferences Training 106.3 Remediation of/Requirements for Cockpit/Crew Resource Management 116.4 Simulation Certification . 116.5 Helicopter Cockpit Location of Automatic and Manual Engine Controls (Throttle) 126.6 Location of Electronic Flight Instrument Displays in Vertical Flight Aircraft136.7 EF
18、IS Displays for Steep Approaches . 146.8 Civil Tiltrotor (CTR) Aircraft Primary Thrust (Power) Control 146.9 Pilot Tasks versus Flying Qualities Deficiencies 166.10 Congested Area Traffic Management. 176.11 Regulation and Certification of Night Vision Goggles. 196.12 Extremely Low Visibility Instrum
19、ent Vertical Flight Operations. 216.13 Low Airspeed Indication Systems. 236.14 Ground-based Visual Aids for Approaches, Landing, Takeoffs, and Departures. 246.15 Solutions for Visual Obscurations Due to Brownout/Whiteout and/or Sea Spray 267. KEY WORDS 288. NOTES 28SAE ARD5700 - 4 -1. PURPOSE AND SC
20、OPE 1.1 Purpose The purpose of this document is to set forth the recommendations of SAE Committee G-10 Vertical Flight Subcommittee relative to the requirements for, design of, and implementation of vertical flight aircraft and associated systems into the National Airspace System. It is to provide a
21、 compilation of human factors issues relating to vertical flight systems. These recommendations are intended to be easily interpretable to foster discussion and research in the continuing effort to increase aircraft and crew performance, efficiency, safety and reducing factors detrimental to flight
22、safety. In cases where conflicting opinions existed, suitable compromises were made. 1.2 Scope The scope of this document is quite broad and applies to STOL aircraft, commercial air transport or utility and/or military aircraft, and normal category helicopters, compound helicopters and powered lift
23、vehicles (tiltrotors, tiltfans, tiltwings, etc).2. REFERENCES 2.1 Applicable Documents 2.1.1 FAA Order 8400.10, App 3, Flight Standards Handbook Bulletin for Air Transportation (HBAT 04-02A), Night Vision Imaging Systems, Eff 02-19-04, Amd 10-02-06 2.1.2 FAA Website http:/www.faa.gov/aircraft/air_ce
24、rt/design_approvals/rotorcraft/nvis/index.cfm?print=goRotorcraft - Night Vision Imaging System (NVIS)/ Night Vision Goggles (NVG) SAE ARD5700 - 5 -2.1.3 FAA Satellite Operations Implementation Team Vertical Flight Implementation Plan Concept of Operations, dated 20012.1.4 FAA Rotorcraft Master Plan
25、2.1.5 FAA Vertical Flight Bibliography, 1962-2001, DOT/FAA/ND-00/3, dated May 2001 2.1.6 FAA Advisory Circular AC150/5390-2 Heliport Design Guide, dated January, 1998 2.1.7 FAA Terminal Instrument Procedures (TERPS) Research and Development Workshop, January 1991 2.1.8 FAA Vertical Flight Research a
26、nd Development Requirements Workshop, Significant research and development Issues, January 8-9. 1991 2.1.9 Federal Aviation Regulations 14 CFR PART 61CERTIFICATION: PILOTS, FLIGHT INSTRUCTORS, AND GROUND INSTRUCTOR 2.1.10 AC 120-63 Helicopter Simulator Qualification 2.1.11 Federal Aviation Administr
27、ation National Simulator Program-Flight Simulation Training Device Qualification Guidance2.1.12 FAA Order 8400.10 CHG 5 (06-30-91) Operations Inspectors Handbook - Section 9. DIFFERENCES TRAINING - ALL TRAINING CATEGORIES 2.1.13 FAA Advisory Circular 150/5390-2 - Heliport / Vertiport Design 2.1.14 F
28、AA Advisory Circular AC 25-11, of 07-16-87 Transport Category Airplane Electronic Display Systems2.2 Other Applicable References 2.2.1 SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice ARP 5119 Location of and Display Symbology Requirements for Head Down Electronic Flight Displays for Steep IMC Approaches2.2.2 SAE
29、 Aerospace Resource Document ARD 50018 Issued March 1995, Integration of Vertical Flight Aircraft Into The National Airspace System 2.2.3 MIL STD ADS-33 Handling Quality Ratios 2.2.4 MIL STD 1472 2.3 Related Publications 2.3.1 Anderson, Berson, Boucek, LaLumiere-Grubbs, and Williams; Flight Status M
30、onitor Design Guidelines, Boeing Commercial Airplane Group, unpublished, 1989 2.3.2 Kelley, Greaber and Fadden, Applying Crew Centered Concepts to Flight Deck Technology; The Boeing 777,Flight Safety Foundation 45th International Air Safety Seminar, Long Beach, CA November, 1992 2.3.3 Civil Tiltroto
31、r Missions and Applications: A Research Study; NASA Contractor Report 177451, Boeing Commercial Airplane Company, Bell Textron, Boeing Vertol, NASA ARC., November 1987 2.3.4 Integrated Cockpit Assessment; NASA Contract NAS2-13625 Phase 2 Task 15, Draft Report, June 1995 2.3.5 Managing The Modern Coc
32、kpit: Third Human Error Avoidance Techniques Conference Proceedings; SAE P-239, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. Warrendale, PA 1990 SAE ARD5700 - 6 -2.3.6 Newman, Richard L., Head-Up Displays: Designing the Way Ahead, Ashgate Publishing Company, Brookfield, VT, 19952.3.7 Stokes, Kite and Wicke
33、ns; Display Technology Human Factors Concepts, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa., 1990 2.3.8 Theunissen, E., Integrated Design of a Man-Machine Interface for 4-D Navigation, Delft University Press, Delft, Netherlands, 1997 2.3.9 V-22 Side-Stick Controller Study, Bell*Boeing FSD V-22 C
34、ontract, Boeing Helicopters, Philadelphia, PA, 1990 2.3.10 Woods, David D. and Elias, Glenn, Significant Messages: An Integrated Display Concept; Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 2.3.11 Wilkins, R., Designing The Conceptual Flight Deck for a Short Haul Civil Transport/Civil Tiltrotor, Society of
35、Automotive Engineers (SAE) AEROTECH 95, Los Angeles, CA. October, 1995.2.3.12 Wilkins, R., FTE and Pilot Workload Comparison of Perspective Flight Guidance Displays to Conventional Flight Director Symbology in Instrument Approach Applications, Society of Automotive Engineers Aerospace, World Aeronau
36、tical Congress, Seattle, WA September, 2001 2.3.13 Wilkins, R., Use of Vertical Flight Aircraft to Reduce Delay and Increase Capacity in Congested Airspace, Royal Aeronautical Society, International Powered Lift Conference, London, UK, October 1999 2.3.14 Wilkins, R., Use of Predictive Perspective G
37、uidance Displays for Increased Situational Awareness, American Helicopter Society, 57thAnnual Forum, Washington, DC, May 2001 2.4 Definitions Display Any visual system used to present formatted data and/or symbology to the flight crew. Displays may be singular in purpose, such as the primary flight
38、display, or multifunction, permitting a multitude of formats to be presented. Flight Deck That portion of the forward aircraft fuselage containing the flight stations and all associated equipment, controls and displays necessary for the flight control of the aircraft. 2.5 Acronyms and Terminology CA
39、 Crew Alert/Crew Alerting CAS Crew Alert/Crew Alerting System - The system of displays and tactile/aural/visual indications, generated by the aircraft electronic flight data management systems, to alert or appraise the crew to/of any required data or condition.FAR Federal Aviation Regulations - that
40、 set of the Federal Code regulations governing the aviation system in the United States. JAR Joint Aviation Regulations - aviation regulations sponsored and generated, monitored and enforced by the European Community. WCA Warning / Caution / Advisory system - WCAs see CAS or Crew Alerting SystemSAE
41、ARD5700 - 7 -3. OBJECTIVES The objective of this document is to gather and document the requirements for data and additional information related aerospace behavioral engineering technology, related to human factors associated with vertical flight. This document will serve to: 1. document the human f
42、actors issues that are currently or have been associated with vertical flight,2. provide requirements for research activities to address the issues raised, 3. provide a methodology for systematically identifying areas of concern to vertical flight, and 4. provide a repository for the human factors k
43、nowledge developed in support of vertical flight. This document also serves as an update to ARD 50018 of 1995-03. 4. DEFINITIONS OF ISSUES (IMPLEMENTATION IMPACT) CATEGORIES 4.1 Critical a. Issue resolution is REQUIRED b. An issue, which if left unresolved, will: c. Critically degrade flight safety
44、in certain situations d. Critically limit the operational capabilities of the system e. Critically affect pilot confidence in the system. 4.2 Serious a. Issue which SHOULD BE resolved b. An issue, which if left unresolved, will: c. Degrade flight safety in certain situations d. Limit the operational
45、 capabilities of the system e. Affect pilot confidence in the system. 4.3 Desirable a. Resolution of an issue COULD BE EXPECTED to improve the human-machine interface. b. An issue, which if left unresolved, could: c. Degrade flight safety in certain situations d. Limit the operational capabilities o
46、f the system e. Affect pilot confidence in the system. Table 1 presents an index of the identified issues and their implementation impact. SAE ARD5700 - 8 -5. REPORT CAPABILITIES TABLE 1 - VERTICAL FLIGHT HUMAN ENGINEERING ISSUES AND IMPLEMENTATION IMPACT ISSUE ISSUE NAME IMPACT STATUS VF 001 STANDA
47、RD FOR USE OF SIMULATION TRAINING FOR AVIATION EXPERIENCE SERIOUS OPEN VF 002 STANDARD FOR DIFFERENCES TRAINING SERIOUS OPEN VF 003 REMEDIATION OF/REQUIREMENTS FOR COCKPIT RESOURCES MANAGEMENT (CRM) TRAININGSERIOUS CLOSEDVF 004 ROTORCRAFT SIMULATION CERTIFICATION SERIOUS OPEN VF 005 HELICOPTER COCKP
48、IT LOCATION OF AUTOMATIC AND MANUAL ENGINE CONTROLS SERIOUS OPEN VF 006 LOCATION OF ELECTRONIC FLIGHT INSTRUMENT DISPLAYS (EFIS) IN VERTICAL FLIGHT AIRCRAFT SERIOUS CLOSEDVF 007 EFIS DISPLAYS FOR STEEP (IMC) APPROACHES SERIOUS CLOSEDVF 008 CIVIL TILTROTOR (CTR) AIRCRAFT PRIMARY CONTROLSSERIOUS OPEN
49、VF 009 PILOT TASKS vs FLYING QUALITIES DEFICIENCIES SERIOUS OPEN VF 010 CONGESTED (AREA) AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SERIOUS OPEN VF 011 REGULATION / CERTIFICATION OF NIGHT VISION GOGGLESSERIOUS OPEN VF 012 EXTREMELY LOW VISIBILITY VERTICAL FLIGHT AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENT APPROACHES (formerly ELVIRA)SERIOUS OPEN VF 013 LOW AIRSPEED SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS SERIOUS OPEN VF 014 GROUND-BASED VISUAL AIDS SERIOUS OPEN VF 015 SOLUTIONS FOR VISUAL OBSCURATIONS D
