1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there
2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2016 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this p
3、ublication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-497
4、0 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/ARP1052B AEROSPACE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE ARP1052 REV. B Issued 1969-08 Revised 201
5、2-03Reaffirmed 2016-09 Superseding ARP1052A Selection Criteria for Internal Combustion Engines Used in Ground Support Equipment RATIONALE ARP1052B has been reaffirmed to comply with the SAE five-year review policy. FOREWORD The purpose of this Draft Technical Report is to give the technical communit
6、y the opportunity to review, comment on and use its context prior to approval by SAE. Comments on this draft are welcome and should be submitted in writing to Secretary, Technical Standards Board, SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001. SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP1052B Page 2 of 9 TABLE OF
7、 CONTENTS 1. SCOPE 3 1.1 Purpose . 3 1.2 Field of Application 3 2. REFERENCES 3 2.1 Applicable Documents 3 2.2 Terminology 3 3. ENGINE PERFORMANCE RATING. 4 4. OPERATING CONDITIONS . 4 4.1 Ambient Conditions . 4 4.2 Duty Cycle Classification 4 5. POWER RATING REDUCTIONS . 4 5.1 Manufacturing Toleran
8、ces 4 5.2 Accessory Requirements 5 5.3 Ambient Conditions . 6 5.4 Summary of Recommended Reductions 6 6. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS . 6 6.1 Diesel Engine Emission Regulations Considerations . 6 7. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS . 8 8. ENGINE PROTECTION DEVICES . 8 9. INSTRUMENTATION . 8 10. SUPPORTING DAT
9、A 8 11. NOTES 8 SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP1052B Page 3 of 9 1. SCOPE This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) is intended as a guide toward standard practice and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. 1.1 Purpose The purpose of this document is to establish a guide
10、line for the selection of prime movers for use in aircraft ground support equipment. This document is recommended for use by those engaged in the design, selection, or purchase of ground support equipment. 1.2 Field of Application This document is applicable to both four-stroke and two-stroke spark
11、ignition and compression ignition engines. 2. REFERENCES 2.1 Applicable Documents The following publications form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicable issue of other publications shall be the issue in effect on the d
12、ate of the purchase order. In the event of conflict between the text of this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained. 2.1.1 SAE Public
13、ations Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org. SAE J1995 Engine Power Test Code - Spark Ignited and Compression Ignition - Gross Power Rating 2.1.2 ISO Publications Avai
14、lable from American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036-8002, Tel: 212-642-4900, www.ansi.org. ISO 3046/1 Reciprocating internal combustion engines - Performance - Part 1: Standard reference conditions and declarations of power, fuel consumption and lubrication oil
15、consumption 2.2 Terminology GROSS BRAKE POWER: The power of an engine when configured as a “basic” engine as defined in SAE J1995. RATED GROSS POWER: Engine gross power as declared by the manufacturer at “rated speed”. RATED SPEED: The speed determined by the manufacturer at which the engine power i
16、s rated. BASIC ENGINE: A basic engine is an engine configured with only the built in equipment required for self-sustained operation. A basic engine does not include accessories that are necessary only to perform its intended service or that power auxiliary systems. Common “basic engine” accessory e
17、xamples are listed in SAE J1995. SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP1052B Page 4 of 9 3. ENGINE PERFORMANCE RATING All reciprocating prime movers proposed for use shall have been rated according to SAE J1995. A performance curve of the type exemplified by Figure 1 shall be available from the engine manufacturer a
18、nd include the following: a. Power and torque rating for intermittent operation b. Power and torque rating for continuous operation c. Specific fuel consumption d. Type of fuel used 4. OPERATING CONDITIONS The proper selection of an engine depends on analysis and recognition of the equipment load re
19、quirements, ambient conditions, accessories, and duty cycle. 4.1 Ambient Conditions Unless more severe conditions are known to be required, the following conditions can be assumed: a. Ambient temperatures of up to 45 C (113 F) b. Altitudes of up to 1500 m above sea level c. Stationary operation 4.2
20、Duty Cycle Classification a. Intermittent duty cycle: The engine operates at varying loads and speeds. b. Continuous duty cycle: The engine operates at a governed speed under relatively constant load. 5. POWER RATING REDUCTIONS The adjusted power rating of the engine is derived from the basic engine
21、 rating, and allowances for the following: a. Manufacturing tolerances b. Accessory requirements c. Ambient conditions d. Type of fuel used 5.1 Manufacturing Tolerances This allowance is made to account for variances in production that may accumulate in a way that reduces engine performance. a. Valu
22、e supplied by the manufacturer b. If unknown, use 7.5%, or ftol= 0.925 SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP1052B Page 5 of 9 5.2 Accessory Requirements SAE J1995 is a gross power rating and does not account for the power required to operate items such as a cooling fan, alternator, mechanical governor, power steeri
23、ng pump, etc. See SAE J1995 for a detailed explanation of how engines are equipped for a gross power rating. The manufacturer of a specific accessory can provide information regarding power requirements of the item. FIGURE 1 - ENGINE PERFORMANCE CURVE Sample SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP1052B Page 6 of 9 5.
24、3 Ambient Conditions The power requirement of the engine must account for the most extreme ambient conditions that will prevail during operation. For conditions mentioned in 4.2, use 22%, or famb= 0.78. For conditions beyond the limits mentioned in 4.2, see below. a. Deduct 1.5% per 5 C, (9 F) for a
25、mbient temperatures above 25 C,(77 F). For turbocharged applications, deduct 3%. b. Deduct 4% per 300 m (984 ft) for altitudes over 150 m (492 ft) above sea level. NOTE: If the air inlet is located inside the engine compartment, it will be necessary to consider the temperature at the inlet for the r
26、eductions mentioned above. Also, fambis the sum of the separate deductions for temperature and altitude, i.e., a 5% temperature deduction and 4% altitude deduction add for 9% deduction, or famb= 0.91. c. With the widespread use of Electronic Control Modules, (ECM), many ambient conditions are now co
27、ntrolled by the ECM. For example Altitude adjustments are controlled by the ECM. 5.4 Summary of Recommended Reductions The total reduction is the product of the incremental reductions that apply to the specific application. Preq= Pdynx ftolx famb - Pacc or: Pdyn= Preq+ Pacc/ftolx famb Where Pdynis t
28、he intermittent or continuous gross power rating of the engine, as provided from the manufacturer. Paccis the accessory power required, as described in 5.2. Preqis the power requirement of the equipment, as determined by the equipment manufacturer. All other variables are described above. 6. ENVIRON
29、MENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 6.1 Diesel Engine Emission Regulations Considerations U.S., Europe and Japan Tier IV regulations require advanced technology to be in compliance. Previous regulations were met with technology within or on engine, such as High Pressure Common Rail, (HPCR), fuel systems, Charge-A
30、ir cooling, (Intercoolers, electronic controls, combustion advancements and exhaust Gas recirculation (EGR). Tier IV/Stage IIIB regulations set forth by the Regulatory Agencies will require technology improvements internal to the engine and external technology located in the exhaust stream, (typical
31、ly referred to as Aftertreatemnt) a. Regulations Regulatory Agencies have created similar regulations in NA,(US and Canada) EU Japan and other areas, (See Figure 2). Tier IV regulations are scheduled for two steps. They are broken down into HP Brackets with specific regulations for each bracket, wit
32、h tier effect dates over several years. New Requirements for Tier IV include: Transient test added to the current steady state test Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) Fuel Legislated Engine Manufacture responsible for Tailpipe emissions Crankcase emissions have to be account for New Transition Program f
33、or Equipent manufacturers (TPEM) supports OEM phase-in SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP1052B Page 7 of 9 b. Engine Strategy Options Combustion Optimization Cooled or Hot EGR (NOx control) Turbos machinery* HPCR Electronic controls Crankcase filtration Air Filtration systems Charge-Air-Cooling *Wastegate, Varia
34、ble Geometry, Variable Flow, Two Stage Turbos c. Aftertreatment Strategy Options Purpose Catalyzed Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) Particulate Matter (PM) control passive/active Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) PM control Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) NOx control NOx adsorbers NOx control The e
35、ngine manufacturers have not used the same technical recipe for Tier IV solutions, interim or final. This is also the case for Euro and Japan regulations. The recipe also varies based on the Regulations Horsepower brackets. Because engine manufacturers have chosen different technical paths, contacti
36、ng the OEM and/or engine manufacturer for specific details on their solution is strongly recommended. d. Diesel Fuel and Lubricants The regulatory Agencies have legislated Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) fuel for Tier IV, Stage IIIB and Stage IV. Sulfur was reduced to 15PPM to elminate potential acid
37、 build-up in cylinder and protect the aftertreatment. ULSD Fuel is backward compatible to older Tier engines. Bio-diesel is acceptable for most Ties IV engines. Most engine manufacturers allow up to B20. Contact the OEM and/or engine manufacturer to confirm use and maximum percent mix. Low Ash engin
38、e lubricants have been developed for Tier IV. Ash is a non-combustible metallic material found in almost all petroleum products. It is used in oil as an additive to protect against acid buildupl. Reducing the sulfur in diesel fuel reduces acid buildup in the engine oil. Over time ash builds up in th
39、e DPF and has to be removed periodically. Using low ash oil reduces ash buildup, extending maintenance intervals of the DPF. Low Ash Oil N.A. API CJ-4 oil, EU ACEA-E9 oil e. Selective Catalytic Reduction System Fluids The SCR system requires Urea to act as a catalyst in the chemical reaction to conv
40、ert harmfull pollutants to harmless H2O and N2. Urea solution typically consists of 32.5% urea and de-ionized water. It is injected into the exhaust stream ahead of the SCR catalyst, converts into Ammonia, which in turn causes a chemaical reaction, converting NOx into H2O and N2. The commercial name
41、s for urea are Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) in North America and AdBlue in Europe. SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP1052B Page 8 of 9 7. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS It will be necessary to consult the engine manufacturer for recommendations concerning a unique application. Examples include, but are not limited to cool
42、ing system design, air cleaner restriction, exhaust backpressure. 8. ENGINE PROTECTION DEVICES The following devices are recommended. a. Low oil pressure protection b. High coolant temperature protection c. Over speed protection d. With electronic controls becoming standard on most diesel engines, e
43、ngine protection devices are built into the ECM. Consult with the OEM and/or engine manufacturer for specific information on safety controls available on engine. 9. INSTRUMENTATION The following instrumentation is recommended. a. Oil Pressure gauge or indicator light b. Coolant Temperature gauge or
44、indicator light c. Hour meter 10. SUPPORTING DATA An engine selected for use in ground support equipment should be supported with the following documentation: a. Complete power and torque analysis of loads, prepared by the equipment manufacturer. b. A performance curve of the type exemplified by Fig
45、ure 1, supplied by the engine manufacturer. c. Engine manufacturers guaranteed power output, using the proposed fuel. d. Engine manufacturers acceptance of application installation. 11. NOTES A change bar (|) located in the left margin is for the convenience of the user in locating areas where techn
46、ical revisions, not editorial changes, have been made to the previous issue of this document. An (R) symbol to the left of the document title indicates a complete revision of the document, including technical revisions. Change bars and (R) are not used in original publications, nor in documents that contain editorial changes only. SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP1052B Page 9 of 9 PREPARED BY SAE SUBCOMMITTEE AGE-2C, VEHICLE MAINTENANCE AND AIRCRAFT SERVICING OF COMMITTEE AGE-2, AIR CARGO AND AIRCRAFT GROUND EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEMS
