1、AEROSPACERECOMMENDEDPRACTICEARP4102/8REV.AIssued 1988-07Revised 1998-11Flight Deck Head-Up Displays1. SCOPE:This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) recommends criteria for the design and installation of Head-Up Display (HUD) systems. The recommendations are applicable to HUD systems for transp
2、ort category aircraft, which display flight information (focused at infinity) in the forward field of view.The HUD total system requirement recommendations shall primarily lead to certifiable fail-passive CAT III characteristics and performance. This document forms a part of these recommendations.Th
3、is document does not address devices for peripheral vision of displays worn by the pilot, nor the presentation of Enhanced Vision System (EVS) information.2. REFERENCES:2.1 Applicable Documents:The following publications form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue o
4、f SAE publications shall apply. The applicable issue of other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In the event of conflict between the text of this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, how
5、ever, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained.This Annex should be used in conjunction with ARP4102 Core Document.Reaffirmed 2007-07RATIONALE This document has been reaffirmed to comply with the SAE 5-Year Review policy. SAE Technical Standards Board
6、Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility
7、 of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2007 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a re
8、trieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: Custom
9、erServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE ARP4102/8 Revision A- 2 -2.1.1 SAE Publications: Available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.ARP4101 Flight Deck Layout and FacilitiesARP4102/4 Flight Deck Alerting SystemARP4102/7 Electronic DisplaysARP4105 Abbreviati
10、ons, Acronyms and Terms for Use on the Flight DeckAS8055 Minimum Performance Standard for Airborne Head Up Display (HUD)AIR4654 Literature Review of HUD Symbology2.1.2 FAA Publications: Available from Federal Aviation Administration, 800 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20591.AC120-29AC 120-2
11、8D2.1.3 Other Publications:ICAO Working Paper SP COM/OPS/95-WP/45 Economics of Introducing, Certificating and Using New All Weather Operations SystemsJAR-HUDS-901JAR-HUDS-902JAR-HUDS-9032.2 Definitions:2.2.1 HUD System Components:2.2.1.1 PILOTS DISPLAY UNIT (PDU): Component which consists of the ima
12、ge source, the collimating optics, and the combiner. It may include signal processing, symbol generation, drive electronics, power supplies, and controls.2.2.1.2 IMAGE SOURCE: Component which provides the optical origin of the symbology, e.g., CRT screen, conventional projector, laser projector.2.2.
13、1.3 COLLIMATING OPTICS: Optical components used to collimate (project to infinity) the display image.2.2.1.4 Types of Collimating Optics:CONVENTIONAL (REFRACTIVE/REFLECTIVE): Using lenses and mirrors for collimation/superimposition.HOLOGRAPHIC (DIFFRACTIVE): Using one or several holograms/diffractin
14、g elements for collimation/superimposition.SAE ARP4102/8 Revision A- 3 -2.2.1.5 COMBINER: Component located in the pilots forward field of view which provides superimposition of the symbology on the external field of view.2.2.1.6 Types of Combiner:DEDICATED: Dedicated to HUD role.WINDSHIELD: Utilizi
15、ng an area of the windshield suitably treated, to enable it to function as a combiner.2.2.1.7 SYMBOL GENERATOR UNIT (SGU): Component which provides symbology information to the image source.2.2.2 HUD Terms, Features, and Optical Parameters:2.2.2.1 CONFORMAL: A conformal HUD overlays display informat
16、ion intended to represent outside world objects, points or directions on top of the real objects, points or directions.2.2.2.2 FIELD OF VIEW (FOV):TOTAL FOV: Spatial angle in which the symbology can be displayed, measured vertically and laterally from within the total viewing cone/wedge.INSTANTANEOU
17、S FOV (IFOV):a. Monocular: Spatial angle in which the symbology can be viewed from any single eye position within total FOV.b. Ambinocular: Envelope of both left and right eye monocular instantaneous FOV.c. Binocular: Envelope within the ambinocular FOV which is common to both monocular FOV,and in w
18、hich the symbology can be viewed by both eyes simultaneously.2.2.2.3 TRANSMITTANCE OF COMBINER: Percentage of white light from an external source passing through the combiner, measured at or near the design eye position (DEP).2.2.2.4 CONTRAST: Ratio of display symbology brightness to external visual
19、 background brightness, as viewed through the HUD.2.2.2.5 EYE REFERENCE POINT: The spatial position of the observers eye relative to the optical axis as designated by the manufacturer. The HUD Reference Point is contained within the specified HUD Eye Box.2.2.2.6 EYE BOX: The HUD Eye Box is a three d
20、imensional region in space, surrounding the HUD eye reference point, in which the HUD virtual display can be viewed with at least one eye.SAE ARP4102/8 Revision A- 4 -2.2.3 Types of Mounting:OVERHEAD: PDU installed as roof mounted unit.GLARESHIELD: PDU installed in glareshieldSPLIT SYSTEM: Image sou
21、rce and combiner installed as separate units.2.2.4 HUD Display Characteristics:2.2.4.1 Types of Symbology:ANALOG CONFORMAL: Related to or matching an element of the external view, e.g., horizon line, symbol, flight path vector.ANALOG UNRELATED (Nonconformal): Not directly related to the external vie
22、w, e.g., speed, ILS or ILS look-alike deviation.DISCRETE SYMBOLS: Display elements such as alphanumeric symbols.3. OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS:3.1 General:HUD systems shall provide a display which enables the pilot to assess aircraft attitude and flight path in relation to and in association with exter
23、nal visual cues. Conformal symbology shall be superimposed on the external visual cues in a one-to-one relationship utilizing an optical system which has adequate field of view for the intended operation and aircraft characteristics. During certain situations, the symbology might be non-conformal, b
24、ut should still have a clear relationship to the external visual cues.3.2 System Requirements:3.2.1 Eye-box: The PDU shall be designed and installed to meet all operational requirements for the specific application. The HUD reference point should be coincident with the cockpit design eye position (D
25、EP). In particular, the PDU should be located so as to permit the pilot some head movement without loss of significant HUD symbology, and enable the pilot to regain HUD information easily and immediately after large head movements.SAE ARP4102/8 Revision A- 5 -3.2.2 Field of View: The vertical FOV sh
26、ould be sufficient to permit conformal display of flight guidance information throughout the intended operational envelope. If this is not possible, the velocity vector may degrade in conformity at extreme deviations.The lateral FOV should, if the displayed flight information includes a runway symbo
27、l for use during approach and landing, be sufficient to permit conformal display of the runway in approach conditions normally associated with the maximum approved landing crosswind at the slowest expected approach speed.3.2.3 Optical Quality: The optical quality of the combiner shall be such that i
28、t does not discernibly distort or shift the image of the external world, nor shall it produce multiple images, nor significantly alter perceived external colors, e.g., VASI, PAPI, and runway lighting. Transmittance of the combiner shall be as high as possible. Suggested minimum figures for combiner
29、transmittance are:a. 90% for windshield combiners or HUDs intended for extended time of usageb. 70% for HUDs intended for short time of usage3.2.4 Failure Indications: Information related to parameters losing their validity shall be clearly indicated. Failure of system computation or monitors shall
30、result in blanking of the whole display, with suitable annunciation.3.3 Installation Criteria:3.3.1 Mounting of the PDU or PDU components shall be such that:a. Display accuracy and readability is not degraded by vibration, turbulence, maneuvering, pressurization or body contactb. Replacement is easy
31、 and does not require any adjustmentc. The edges of the combiner do not obscure or distort any vital parts of the field of vision.3.3.2 The operational and stowed positions of the PDU shall not hinder pilot movement nor restrict the pilots external vision or view of the instrument panel. A dedicated
32、 combiner shall be easily stowable.3.3.3 The PDU shall not induce hazards of high voltage, radiation or visual impairment. The PDU shall incorporate impact protection (fold away, break away or padding).3.3.4 Master warning and master caution lights of the basic flight deck warning system shall be lo
33、cated so as to be visible to a pilot using the HUD or suitable alert indication shall be repeated within the HUD display.SAE ARP4102/8 Revision A- 6 -3.4 HUD Presentation Modes:3.4.1 General: The number of presentation modes should be kept to a minimum, in order to avoid misinterpretations. Basic in
34、formation shall not switch form, function and/or position when changing between modes. The HUD modes shall be correlated with Flight Guidance System (FGS) modes and have the same hierarchy. Automatic mode changes shall be distinctly annunciated unless obvious from the display format. The HUD mode in
35、 use shall be clearly indicated in the display.3.4.2 Main HUD Modes: The following main HUD modes should be available:a. Takeoffb. Cruise (incl climb and descend)c. Approach (incl landing and go-around)d. Taxi (for future low visibility applications)3.4.3 HUD submodes connected to one or more main m
36、odes may be used when necessary, but restrictively. Examples of optional information:a. IFR/VFRb. CAT I/II/IIIc. Precision/Nonprecision approachd. TCASe. Windshear guidancef. GPWSg. Declutter4. NUMBER NOT USED:5. CONTROLS:5.1 HUD Specific Controls:a. ON/OFF, unless coupled with stowing actionb. MODE
37、, unless automaticc. Contrast and brightness (unless automatic)d. Others as requiredHUD specific controls should be either on the PDU, on a dedicated control panel located within easy reach of the pilot or on another suitable panel, so that they can be operated without departing from the DEP. HUD mo
38、des selected shall be visible to the pilot in the other pilot seat.5.2 Other Controls:Controls related to display parameters should, whenever possible, be combined with those of head-down instruments. Any selected change of display parameters on head-down instruments should, if applicable, also take
39、 place in the HUD.SAE ARP4102/8 Revision A- 7 -6. DISPLAY CRITERIA:6.1 General:6.1.1 The HUD system may repeat, augment, or replace head-down displays/information for any or all phases of flight. HUD systems designed to replace head-down displays shall contain the information required by the pilot f
40、or manual control during the selected flight phase.6.1.2 Although HUD symbology may differ from head-down symbology, the HUD format and usage shall permit transition from head-up to head-down, or vice versa, to be accomplished by the pilot rapidly, easily, and without confusion. Instead of digital n
41、umbers and/or scales, suitable reference symbols, e g for airspeed, may be used.6.1.3 Symbology for each guidance mode or flight phase should be the minimum required to fulfill the intended function.6.1.4 The symbology chosen shall promote intuitive use by the pilot without the need for extensive le
42、arning or experience.6.2 Basic HUD Information:6.2.1 The following shall be provided:a. Suitable reference indications for azimuth and pitch/flight path angleb. Attitude (pitch and bank angle)c. Current and selected headingd. Flight path vectore. Airspeed (with high and low speed limitations)f. Alti
43、tudeg. Vertical speedh. Flight Mode Annunciationi. Flight Guidancej. Lateral acceleration6.2.2 Optional information can include but is not limited to:a. Angle of attackb. Radio altitudec. Acceleration/potential flight path cue6.2.3 The HUD shall provide a clear, self-explanatory, and unmistakable di
44、splay of aircraft attitude/flight path and altitude. Attitude shall be displayed with reference to the horizon line, airspeed in a suitable format (e.g. as moving scale or deviation from selected IAS). The general arrangement of the “Basic T“ should be retained within the HUD format. Scaling of atti
45、tude, heading, and flight path angle shall normally be 1:1. The range of the attitude display shall be sufficient for recovering guidance from upset manoeuvres or unusual attitudes.SAE ARP4102/8 Revision A- 8 -6.3 Visual Approach Information:6.3.1 In addition to the basic information, the following
46、shall be provided:a. Selected flight path angle6.3.2 Optional information for visual approach can include but is not limited to:a. Selected course/desired track6.4 Instrument Approach/Go-Around Information:6.4.1 In addition to the information per 6.3.1, the following shall be provided:a. ILS or ILS
47、look-alike situation (deviation or window)b. DH indication and visual alertc. Flare guidance (CAT III)6.4.2 Optional Information can include but is not limited to:a. Pitch/roll/heading guidanceb. Bank angle limitsc. Path deviation warningd. Conformal runway symbol (edges and/or centerline)e. AP/AT d
48、isconnect warningf. VOR situation display6.5 Nonvisual Takeoff and Landing Information:The following additional information shall be provided:a. Directional guidance for takeoff and rolloutb. Acceleration/deceleration information, including relevant reference speed information6.6 Other Information:A
49、s required.6.7 Warnings:Appropriate and unambiguous means shall be provided to warn the pilot of any partial or total failure of the system and of a failure of any input data, whether the source of the signal is on the ground or within the aircraft.SAE ARP4102/8 Revision A- 9 -6.8 Symbology Criteria:6.8.1 General: Symbols shall appear clean-shaped, clear and explicit at all aircraft attitudes. Lines shall appear narrow, sharp-edges and without halo or smear. For stroke systems, when two or more strokes are used to produce wider lines, the strokes should start and end
