1、ARP5365Issued 1999-01Human Interface Criteria for Cockpit Display of Traffic Information1. SCOPE :This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) sets forth design and operational recommendations concerning the human factors issues and criteria for cockpit display of traffic information systems. The v
2、isual and aural characteristics are covered for both the alerting components and traffic depiction/situation components. The display system may contain any one or a combination of these components Although the system functionality assumed for this document exemplifies fixed-wing aircraft implementat
3、ion, the recommendations do not preclude other aircraft types. The recommendations contained in this document address both near and far term technology directed toward providing in flight traffic awareness, although the present version remains primarily focused on near term applications. Since this
4、document provides recommendations, the guidance is provided in the form of “should” statements as opposed to the “shall” statements that appear in standards and requirements.The assumptions about the system that guided and bounded the recommendations contained in this document include: the system is
5、 an airborne (flight deck based) system displaying traffic surveillance information to the flight crew; multiple sources of surveillance data will be used, when available, to provide the flight crew with the best available information; the system will have a human centered design based on the “lesso
6、ns learned” from past systems; the system is not intended to replace the current Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance (TCAS) function, but there will be a close relationship between the CDTI and the alerting system since both use the same sensors, and the display of the generated alerts and command
7、 information is generally considered a CDTI function; there will be pilot in the loop/manual involvement in any flight path changes; information will be accessible by appropriate flight crew members; the system will be based on the English language, but other languages may have to be considered; the
8、 system will address all fixed wing airplane types; the system will be operational full time in all airborne flight phases; the display function may be stand alone or part of a multi-function display; initial design will provide for upgradability and expansion; it will be properly integrated with ot
9、her display functions and will not interfere with critical functions; the system may be capable of presenting additional traffic outside the range and capability of TCAS; and this document will not deal with the presentation of man made obstructions (e.g., towers or buildings) even though they may b
10、e equipped with an ADS-B transmitter.AEROSPACE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for a
11、ny particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2008 SA
12、E International All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 87
13、7-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org Reaffirmed 2008-02SAE ARP5365 - 2 -2. REFERENCES:The documents listed in 2.1 are referenced for guidance in this document. The documents listed in 2.2
14、 are provided for information purposes only and do not form a part of the recommendations of this document. A bibliography of literature relevant to this document is presented in Section 10.2.1 Applicable Documents:The following publications form a part of this document to the extent specified herei
15、n. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicable issue of other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In the event of conflict between the text of this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing
16、in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained.2.1.1 SAE Publications: Available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.AS264 Instrument and Cockpit lighting for Commercial Transport AircraftARP268 Location and
17、 Actuation of Flight Deck Controls for Transport AircraftAS425C Nomenclature and Abbreviations for Use on the Flight DeckARP571 Flight Deck Controls and Displays for Communication and Navigation Equipment for Transport AircraftARP1068 Flight Deck Instrumentation, Display Criteria and Associated Cont
18、rols for Transport AircraftARP1093 Numeral, Letter, and Symbol Dimensions for Aircraft Instrument DisplaysARP1161 Crew Station Lighting - Commercial AircraftARP1782 Photometric and Colorimetric Measurement Procedures for Direct View CRT DisplaysARP1874 Design Objectives for CRT Displays for Part 25
19、(Transport) AircraftARP4032 Human Engineering Considerations in the Application of Color to Electronic Aircraft DisplaysARP4033 Pilot-System IntegrationARP4101 Core Document, Flight Deck Layout and FacilitiesARP4101/2 Pilot Visibility from the Flight DeckARP4102 Core Document, Flight Deck Panels, Co
20、ntrols and DisplaysARP4102/4 Flight Deck Alerting SystemsARP4102/7 Electronic DisplaysARP4102/7 Appendix A Electronic Display Symbology for EADI/PFDARP4102/7 Appendix B Electronic Display Symbology for EHSI/NDARP4102/7 Appendix C Electronic Display Symbology for Engine DisplaysARP4105 Abbreviations
21、and Acronyms for Use on the Flight DeckARP4107 Aerospace Glossary for Human Factors EngineersARP4153 Human Interface Criteria for Collision Avoidance Systems in Transport AircraftSAE ARP5365 - 3 -2.1.1 (Continued):ARP4256 Design Objectives for Liquid Crystal Displays for Part 25 (Transport) Aircraft
22、ARP4260 Photometric and Colorimetric Measurement Procedures for Airborne Direct View Flat Panel Displays (when approved)AS8034 Minimum Performance Standards for Airborne Multipurpose Electronic Displays2.1.2 FAA Publications: Available from Federal Aviation Administration, 800 Independence Avenue, S
23、W, Washington, DC 20591.FAA-RD-81-38II Aircraft Alerting System Standardization Study: Volume II Aircraft Alerting System Design Guidelines (Berson, et al.,1981)DOT/FAA/PS-89/1 Flight Status Monitor Design Guidelines (Anderson, et al. 1989)2.2 Regulatory Publications:FAA AC-23.1309-1A Equipment, Sys
24、tems, and Installations in Part 23 AirplaneFAA AC-23.1311-1 Installation of Electronic Display Instrument Systems In Part 23 AirplanesFAA AC 25-11 Transport Category Airplane Electronic Display SystemsFAA Ac-25.1309-1A System Design AnalysisFAR Part 23 Airworthiness Standards: Normal, Utility, Acrob
25、atic, and Commuter Category AirplanesFAR Part 25/ Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category AirplanesJAR Part 25FAR Part 27 Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category RotorcraftTSO-C113 Airborne Multipurpose Electronic DisplaysSAE ARP5365 - 4 -3. GLOSSARY:3.1 Acronyms and Abbreviations:AC Advisor
26、y CircularACAS Airborne Collision Avoidance SystemADI Attitude Direction IndicatorADS-B Automatic Dependent Surveillance-BroadcastAGL Above Ground LevelARP Aerospace Recommended Practice (SAE)ATC Air Traffic Control ATM Air Traffic ManagementA/V Aircraft/VehicleCDTI Cockpit Display of Traffic Inform
27、ationCNS Communications, Navigation and SurveillanceCPA Closest Point of ApproachEADI Electronic Attitude Direction IndicatorEHSI Electronic Horizontal Situation IndicatorFAA Federal Aviation AdministrationFAR Federal Aviation RegulationFMS Flight Management SystemGNSS Global Navigation Satellite Sy
28、stemGPS Global Positioning SystemHUD Head Up DisplayHz HertzICAO International Civil Aviation OrganizationIFR Instrument Flight RulesILS Instrument Landing SystemIMC Instrument Meteorological ConditionsINS Inertial Navigation SystemITC In-Trail ClimbITD In-Trail DescentJAA Joint Aviation AuthorityJA
29、R Joint Aviation RequirementsMASPS Minimum Aviation System Performance StandardsMFD Multi-Functional DisplayMHz MegahertzMOPS Minimum Operational Performance StandardsMSL Mean Sea LevelNAS National Airspace SystemPFD Primary Flight DisplayRA Resolution AdvisoryRnav Area NavigationRTCA Radio Technica
30、l Commission for AeronauticsRVSM Reduced Vertical Separation MinimumSAE ARP5365 - 5 -3.1 (Continued):SAE Society of Automotive Engineers, IncTA Traffic AdvisoryTCAS Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance SystemTIS Traffic Information ServiceUAT Universal Access TerminalVDL VHF Data LinkVHF Very High
31、FrequencyVFR Visual Flight RulesVMC Visual Meteorological Conditions3.2 Definition of Terms:ABSOLUTE ALTITUDE: Aircraft altitude referenced to mean sea level (QNH). Typically referred to as barometric corrected altitude.ACCURACY: A measure of the difference between the reported A/V position as compa
32、red to the true position. Accuracy is usually defined in statistical terms of either: (1) a mean (bias) and a variation about the mean as defined by the standard deviation (sigma) or (2) root mean square (rms) value from the mean. The values given in this document are in terms of the two sigma varia
33、tion from an assumed zero mean error.AIRBORNE COLLISION: This occurs when two aircraft that are in flight come into contact. The word “collision” is not an antonym of the word “separation”, as separation criteria are typically defined to create a significant zone around each aircraft which must not
34、be entered for “separation” to be guaranteed. As such, airborne collisions are subsets of airborne conflicts.AIRBORNE CONFLICT: This occurs when two aircraft that are in flight come closer together than specified separation criteria. An airborne conflict does not necessarily result in a an airborne
35、collision; however, it does represent a situation considered hazardous, from which a collision may be possible without sufficient warning for a suitable pilot reaction.AIRCRAFT/VEHICLE (A/V): Either (1) a machine or service capable of atmospheric flight, or (2) a vehicle on the airport surface movem
36、ent area.AIRPLANE STATE: The variables required to fully describe the dynamic behavior of an airplane and to predict this behavior into the future. These variables include, speed, flight path vector, attitude (pitch and roll), and horizontal track. Aircraft state is often represented as a state vect
37、or, which comprises the minimum number of values required to fully specify the state; from the state vector, related values such as angle of attack, flight path angle and sideslip can be derived.AIR MASS DATA: Air mass data includes all aircraft sensor information which measures or is derived from t
38、he aircraft-local properties of the atmosphere. Direct measurements include air temperature, pressure, humidity and density; derived measurements include barometric corrected altitude (QNH), vertical speed and computed airspeed.SAE ARP5365 - 6 -3.2 (Continued):AIRSPACE: In the most general sense, ai
39、rspace refers to the atmosphere in which aircraft operate, extending upwards from the surface of the earth. However, the term airspace also commonly denotes the spatial boundaries used to define areas restricted to civilian flight and to subdivide the airspace into areas controllable by individual a
40、ir traffic controllers. These airspace boundaries add a constraint to aircraft operations by limiting acceptable aircraft flight paths.ALER T: A visual, auditory or tactile stimulus presented to attract the flight crews attention and convey some information concerning an event/situation.AURAL ALERT:
41、 Discrete tone/sound used for attention getting.AVAILABILITY: Is the probability that a function is up and able to perform were it called on.BAROMETRIC ALTITUDE: Geopotential altitude in the earths atmosphere above mean standard sea level pressure datum plane, measured by a pressure (barometric) alt
42、imeter.BAROMETRIC ALTITUDE ERROR: For a given true barometric pressure, P0, the error is the difference between the transmitted pressure altitude and the altitude determined using a standard temperature and pressure model with P0.CAUTION: Non-normal operational or aircraft system conditions that req
43、uire immediate flight crew awareness and subsequent corrective or compensatory flight crew action.CLOSEST POINT OF APPROACH (CPA): The minimum horizontal distance between two aircraft during a close proximity encounter, also know as miss distance.CLUTTER: Clutter refers to the negative impact of poo
44、rly organized and crowded displays. It generally results in reduced display legibility, and/or in increases in the time needed to locate information on the display.COCKPIT DISPLAY OF TRAFFIC INFORMATION (CDTI): A Cockpit Display of Traffic Information (CDTI) is a generic display that provides the fl
45、ight crew with surveillance information about other aircraft, including their position. Traffic information for a CDTI may be obtained from one or multiple sources (including ADS-B, TCAS, and TIS) and it may be used for a variety of purposes. Any means of communicating the information is acceptable
46、(aural, graphical, head-up, etc.) as long as the information is conveyed effectively. Requirements for CDTI information will vary based on intended use of the data (i.e., application).COLLISION AVOIDANCE: A maneuver taken to avoid a collision.COLOR VALUE: The attribute of a color that allows it to b
47、e classed on a scale from very dark to very light (brightness is a perception that results from surface luminance and is a property of the object itself and of the light illuminating it).SAE ARP5365 - 7 -3.2 (Continued):CONFLICT: Any situation involving two or more aircraft, or an aircraft and an ai
48、rspace, or an aircraft and ground terrain, in which the applicable separation minima may be violated.CONFLICT AVOIDANCE: A maneuver taken to resolve a conflict.CONFLICT DETECTION: The process of projecting an aircrafts trajectory to determine whether it is probable that the applicable separation min
49、imum will not be maintained between the aircraft and another aircraft or vehicle. The level of uncertainty in the projection is reduced with increased knowledge about the situation, including aircraft capabilities, flight plan, short term intent information, etc.CONFLICT MANAGEMENT: Process of detecting and resolving conflicts.CONFLICT PROBE: An airborne or ground based system that performs the process of conflict detection.CONFLICT RESOLUTION: The process of identifying and or performing a maneuver or a set of maneuvers that are intended to
