1、SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and enginee ring sciences. The use of this report is entirelyvoluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefr
2、om, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invit es your written comments and suggestions.Copyright 1999 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Printed in U.
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4、ndardARP5400Issued 1999-03Identification and Implementation of GlobalStandardization Opportunities in the Commercial Jet Transport IndustryFOREWORDThis document is intended as a guide towards global industry standardization of non-competitive parts, materials, and processes for commercial jet transp
5、orts and their engines. It was developed by the Commercial Jet Transport Standardization Committee (CJTSC) which was created as an Advisory Committee to the SAE Aerospace Council. While membership in the CJTSC was drawn from those companies involved in current production and holding type design cert
6、ificates for airplanes or engines as governed by FAR/JAR 25 or FAR/JAR 33, the procedures set forth in this document are applicable to any two or more aerospace manufacturers or suppliers wishing to form a standardization committee to benefit from standardization in the area of non-competitive parts
7、, materials, or processes.This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) is intended as a guide towards standardization and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances.1. SCOPE:This document provides guidelines for consolidation and standardization of commercial jet trans
8、port parts, materials, and processes currently defined by two or more company or industry standards. Included in this ARP are processes for selecting and evaluating standardization opportunities as well as a procedure for initiating the development and release of global aerospace industry standards.
9、 These practices are intended to be used when two or more company standards appear to have significant overlap or in fact be technically identical. Benefits of such standardization efforts include part numbers and potentially reduced inventory levels, reduced errors, reduced qualification costs, and
10、 reduced equipment life cycle costs.This ARP is intended to be used by any two or more companies involved in the aerospace industry that wish to benefit from standardization. For the purpose of this document, companies undertaking such a standardization effort shall be referred to as a standardizati
11、on committee.SAE ARP5400 - 2 -1. (Continued):The goal of such a standardization committee is not the actual development of an industry standard, but the identification of a valuable standardization opportunity. The actual development of the industry standard which will support the standardization ef
12、fort will take place within an established Standards Developing Organization (SDO) according to the rules of due process.2. REFERENCES:2.1 Related Publications:The following publications are provided for information purposes only and are not a required part of this SAE Aerospace Technical Report.2.1
13、.1 FAR Publications: Available from Federal Aviation Administration, 800 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20591.FAR/JAR 25FAR/JAR 332.1.2 ISO Publications: Available from ANSI, 11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 1003;6-8002.ISO/IEC Guide 2:19912.2 Definitions:COMMERCIAL JET TRANSPORT STANDARDI
14、ZATION COMMITTEE (CJTSC): An Advisory Committee to the SAE Aerospace Council whose membership is drawn from those companies involved in current production which hold type design certificates for airplanes or engines as governed by FAR/JAR 25 or FAR/JAR 33, respectively.COMPANY STANDARD: Standard dev
15、eloped and promulgated by a company for a material, product, or process related to and specific for that company. A company standard is normally not for public use.CONSENSUS: (according to ISO/IEC Guide 2:1991) General agreement, characterized by the absence of sustained opposition to substantial is
16、sues by any important part of the concerned interests and by a process that involves seeking to take into account the views of all parties concerned and to reconcile any conflicting arguments. (NOTE: Consensus need not imply unanimity.)INTERESTED MEMBER: Any member of the standardization committee e
17、xpressing an interest in and participating in a standardization project.SAE ARP5400 - 3 -2.2 (Continued):INDUSTRY STANDARD: Standard developed and promulgated by representatives of an industry for a material, product or process related to that industry. An industry standard is generally oriented tow
18、ards the industrial or institutional consumer and represents a consensus of the industry regarding the nomenclature, identification, standard sizing, and material, design, or performance specifications for materials and products of that industry. An industry standard can be at the national, regional
19、, or international level and is available for public use.OEM: Original Equipment Manufacturer. Those companies holding type design certificates.SPONSOR: Company or person acting as the focal point for the activities on a standardization committee project (including preparation of a draft standard).S
20、TANDARDIZATION COMMITTEE: In the context of this document, a group of representatives from different organizations or companies interested in and actively supporting a standardization project covered by this document.STANDARDS DEVELOPING ORGANIZATION (SDO): An organization or association which suppo
21、rts and promotes the development of voluntary use standards using a consensus process.3. STANDARDIZATION PROCESS:The standardization process documented here contains specific steps as outlined below and summarized in Figure 1. Prior to beginning the process it is fundamental that the members of any
22、standardization committee clearly communicate the goals and potential benefits of undertaking such a process to the companies involved. Critical to success is the commitment by company management to the standardization process and to the intent to supersede company-unique standards with industry sta
23、ndards as a means to achieve the benefits of industry standardization.3.1 Identify Potential Standardization Opportunities:Potential standardization opportunities (e.g., two or more standards defining technical overlapping or identical parts, materials, or processes) can be identified using a variet
24、y of methods from customer and supplier surveys to comparisons of parametric databases.3.2 Evaluate Against Criteria:A potential standardization project involving a part, material, or process should be evaluated against certain criteria to determine its viability. A number of criteria have been iden
25、tified which, if met, are good indicators as to the potential success of the standardization project. These criteria are detailed in Section 4.SAE ARP5400 - 4 -FIGURE 1 - Standardization Process FlowSAE ARP5400 - 5 -3.3 Determine if Candidate Industry Standard Exists:Standardization committee member
26、s should review existing industry standards to determine if one exists which can be adopted as-is or with modifications.3.4 Select Standards Developing Organization to Prepare New Standard:If no industry standard exists which will meet the requirements of the standardization committee, a new standar
27、d must be developed. The standardization committee should choose a standards developing organization which is suited technically to undertake the specific standardization project and where the standardization committee members have adequate representation to sponsor and monitor such a project (see S
28、ection 5). (For development of an industry standard, see Section 7.)3.5 Implement New Industry Standard:Standardization only happens when the standardization committee members use the industry standard. This requires that the members supersede, to the greatest extent possible, any company standards
29、and incorporate the industry standard into their design and production processes.3.6 Ensure International Recognition of Industry Standard:To achieve the widest possible global standardization, the resulting industry standard should be recognized as an international standard. This can be achieved ei
30、ther formally, by having the standard go through the ISO process for the generation of an international standard, or informally by having the standard recognized by ISO as an industry-acknowledged international standard. The latter process can be accomplished using the process for recognition of glo
31、bal industry standards established by ISO TC 20.4. PROJECT SELECTION CRITERIA DEVELOPMENT OF A BUSINESS CASE FOR STANDARDIZATION ( see F igure 2):A number of criteria have been identified which can be used to evaluate a standardization opportunity and develop a business case for standardization. A c
32、lear business case should exist for using an industry standard instead of a company unique standard. Facts and data should be collected which would support the expected cost savings if the use of company-unique standards were replaced with an industry standard.These criteria may be applied to any st
33、andard part, material, or manufacturing process. To the greatest extent that the following criteria are met, a positive business case should emerge which establishes the proposed standardization project as a benefit to the aerospace industry. If the criteria lead to a positive business case for a ma
34、jority of the standardization committee members, they can agree to undertake the project with the minority members abstaining from participation in that project. (For documentation of the criteria for each project, use Figure A1.)SAE ARP5400 - 6 -FIGURE 2 - Project Selection Criteria4.1 The standard
35、ization subject should be evaluated for its potential benefits as part of an integrated product evaluation. This is to ensure that the impact to all phases of the product life cycle (design, development, manufacturing, maintenance, and recycling) was considered. The SAE life cycle model (Figure 3) i
36、llustrates this.4.2 Subject represents a mature, stable technology. An item which involves an emerging technology or one which is undergoing frequent changes is not a good candidate for a globally accepted industry standard.4.3 Subject involves a non-competitive part, material, or process. Parts, ma
37、terials, or processes which any of the standardization committee members believes involves technology which is proprietary or contains requirements which are met in such a way that gives a company a competitive edge would not be candidates for standardization.4.4 There is wide-spread use of the part
38、, material, or process throughout the aerospace industry. Subjects which are unique to only one member of the industry are not good candidates for industry standardization.SAE ARP5400 - 7 -FIGURE 3 - Standards Life Cycle ModelSAE ARP5400 - 8 -4.5 Subject is not a product differentiator. Parts, mater
39、ials, or processes which are uniquely identified with a specific product or company or which are integral to defining a product as unique from another would not be good candidates for global standardization.4.6 An industry standard already exists. If an industry standard already exists and there app
40、ears to be the potential for this industry standard to be adopted by the standardization committee members to replace relevant company standards, this is a candidate for further evaluation as a potential project.In the event of more than one existing standard, the process of selecting one standard s
41、hould consider the following criteria:a. The standard must meet the needs of the standardization committee.b. The cognizant SDO should meet the criteria of Section 5.c. ISO standards should be given preference if they fully satisfy the needs of the standardization committee.4.7 Overlapping standards
42、 exist within two or more companies. There is widespread industry use of essentially the same part, material, or process. If a part, material, or process is widely used throughout the industry, and two or more companies have company standards which duplicate many of the same requirements, there is a
43、 strong possibility that this is a good candidate for industry standardization.4.8 There is no regulatory action pending involving the subject. If any member company is involved in legal or regulatory actions on a specific part, material, or process, this should be avoided as a candidate for standar
44、dization. Issues or subjects which are being targeted by any national or international regulatory agency should also be avoided.4.9 Subject involves a high-volume item or one with high inventory turnover. Integral to the business case for a standardization subject is the amount of inventory which co
45、uld be affected by the obsoletion of a company-unique standard in favor of an industry standard.4.10 The subject involves low-cost or low-impact to a customer to implement. In addition to the impact on each of the standardization committee member companies, impact to the customers (suppliers, subcon
46、tractors, airlines, maintenance firms, etc.) should be considered. Projects which would have a negative business case for the extended industry (i.e., those involved beyond the OEMs) should be avoided unless there are overriding benefits such as safety.4.11 Strong customer support exists for a proje
47、ct. If a part, material, or process has been identified by a customer common to all members of the standardization committee as one for which the customer believes a strong business case exists for standardization, this is a good candidate for further evaluation.SAE ARP5400 - 9 -4.12 A suitable stan
48、dards developing organization exists (see Section 5) and the standardization committee has representation on that committee. (NOTE: Meeting this criteria does facilitate a standardization project but it is not an absolute criteria. If a technical/commercial benefit is seen for a project and no commi
49、ttee currently exists to accept the project, the standardization committee will explore ways to ensure the project happens.)5 STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION SELECTION CRITERIA:5.1 Need:When it has been determined that no candidate industry standard exists to replace the various company or other requirements which are being standardized, it is necessary to determine the most appropriate SDO to approach to develop the new industry standard.5.2 Selection Criteria:When considering potential SDOs to develop a standard, preference should be given to the follo
