1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there
2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.Copyright 2014 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this pu
3、blication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-4970
4、 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/ARP5560AEROSPACERECOMMENDED PRACTICEARP5560Issued 2008-11 Reaffirmed 2014-02 Safety
5、 Considerations for High-Intensity Lights (HIL) Directed into the Navigable Airspace RATIONALEARP5560 has been reaffirmed to comply with the SAE five-year review policy. INTRODUCTIONOn March 26, 1999, the FAA submitted a written request to the SAE for assistance in developing standards and regulatio
6、ns concerning outdoor laser operations. Since December 1999, the SAE has developed several documents, including: AS4970, “Human Factors Considerations for Outdoor Laser Operations in the Navigable Airspace,” and three Aerospace Recommended Practices: ARP5535, “Observers for Laser Safety in the Navig
7、able Airspace,” ARP5572, “Control Measures for Laser Safety in the Navigable Airspace,” and ARP5293, “Safety Considerations for Lasers Projected in the Navigable Airspace” in support of this request. Although the number of aviation incidents involving high-intensity lights have been much less than w
8、ith laser light sources, such incidents have occurred and the FAA has little guidance on the use such devices in the aviation environment. As a result, the FAA has asked the SAE to develop guidance of high-intensity light devices. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE 41.1 Purpose. 42. REFERENCES 42.1 Applicab
9、le Documents 42.1.1 SAE Publications. 42.1.2 ANSI Publications . 42.1.3 U.S. Government Publications 52.2 Other Applicable References 52.3 Definitions . 53. BACKGROUND 73.1 Physics of Light. 73.2 Bioeffects and Physiology of Vision/Vision Effects from High-Intensity Lights. 74. APPLICATIONS OF HIL .
10、 84.1 Directed HIL Sources 84.1.1 Carbon Arc 84.1.2 Enclosed Arc. 84.1.3 High-Intensity Discharge. 94.1.4 Xenon and Mercury/Xenon . 94.1.5 HMI104.2 Other Light Sources 104.2.1 Incandescent. 104.2.2 Fluorescent . 104.2.3 Light Emitting Diode 104.2.4 Sodium Vapor . 104.2.5 Metal Halide 104.3 Reflector
11、 Design and Lamp Orientation 115. CONTROL MEASURES BY PROPONENT . 116. STATE AND LOCAL LIGHTING ORDINANCES 117. NOTAM REGARDING OUTDOOR HIGH-INTENSITY LIGHT OPERATION(S) 118. INCIDENTS INVOLVING HIL IN AVIATION. 129. INFORMATION ON THE HIL TO BE PROVIDED TO THE FAA BY THE PROPONENT . 1210. OBSERVATI
12、ON OF HIL FROM AN AIRCRAFT INFLIGHT . 1211. PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS OF OPTICAL RADIATION OF SAMPLE HIL SOURCES 1312. HIL EVALUATION CONSIDERATIONS FOR AVIATON SAFETY 1313. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 1514. NOTES 15SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP5560 Page 2 of 35_APPENDIX A EXAMPLES OF HIL 16APPENDIX B
13、SAMPLE OF SAFE OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR OUTDOOR SEARCHLIGHT OPERATORS . 19APPENDIX C SAMPLE OF HIL SAFETY INFORMATION FOR AVIATORS . 20APPENDIX D RADIOMETRIC AND PHOTOMETRIC VALUES FOR TYPICAL COMMERCIAL SEARCHLIGHTS 22APPENDIX E AIRSPACE FLIGHT ZONES. 31APPENDIX F A SAMPLE OF AN HIL INCIDENT REPORT
14、 . 34FIGURE 1 HIGH-INTENSITY LIGHT SOURCE FROM GROUND AS SEEN FROM THE COCKPIT OFAN AIRCRAFT 13FIGURE 2 HIL BEAM PROJECTING ABOVE THE LASER FREE ZONE. 14SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP5560 Page 3 of 35_1. SCOPE This document applies to regulatory/approving authorities involved with decisions regarding the use
15、 of HIL directed into the navigable airspace. For the purpose of this document, lights greater than 0.25 million candlepower meet the minimum threshold of an HIL. Lights not directed or reflected into the navigable airspace are not usually considered to interfere with aircraft operations. Laser syst
16、ems are beyond the scope of this document. 1.1 Purpose The purpose of this document is to provide guidance to regulatory/approving authorities on issues specific to the use of HIL directed or reflected into the navigable airspace. 2. REFERENCES 2.1 Applicable Documents The following publications for
17、m a part of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicable issue of other publications shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In the event of conflict between the text of this document and references cited herei
18、n, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained. 2.1.1 SAE Publications Available from SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Tel: 877-606-7323 (I
19、nside USA and Canada) or 724-776-4970 (outside USA), www.sae.org.AS4970 Human Factors Considerations for Outdoor Laser Operations in the Navigable Airspace ARP5293 Safety Considerations for Lasers Projected in the Navigable Airspace ARP5535 Observers for Laser Safety in the Navigable Airspace ARP557
20、2 Control Measures for Laser Safety in the Navigable Airspace ARP5674 Safety Considerations for Aircraft-Mounted Lasers Projected into the Navigable Airspace 2.1.2 ANSI Publications Available from American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036-8002, Tel: 212-642-4900,
21、 www.ansi.org.ANSI Z136.1 American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers ANSI Z136.6 American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers Outdoors ANSI E1.9 Reporting Photometric Performance Data for Luminairies Used in Entertainment Lighting ANSI RP-27.1 Recommended Practice for Photobiological Saf
22、ety for Lamps and Lamp Systems General RequirementsANSI E1.25 Recommended Basic Conditions for Measuring the Photometric Output of Stage and Studio Luminairies by Measuring the Illumination Levels Produced on a Planar Surface SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP5560 Page 4 of 35_2.1.3 U.S. Government Publications
23、Available from the Document Automation and Production Service (DAPS), Building 4/D, 700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Tel: 215-697-6257, http:/assist.daps.dla.mil/quicksearch/.FAA Order 7400.2 Procedures for Handling Airspace Matters. VI Part 6 (Miscellaneous Procedures), Chapter 29 (
24、Outdoor Laser Operations) Title 14 CFR 91.11 Prohibition on interference with crewmembers Title 21 CFR 1010 Performance Standards for Electronic Products: General Title 21 CFR 1040 Performance Standards for Light Emitting Products 2.2 Other Applicable References Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for Che
25、mical Substances and Physical Agents equal to 1/60 of the luminous intensity per square centimeter of a black body radiating at the temperature of 2046 Kelvin (K). Like candlepower, candela is the measurement of light at the source of illumination. CANDLEPOWER (cp): Luminous intensity expressed in c
26、andelas. FOOT-CANDLE (ft-c): A unit of illuminance on a surface that is everywhere 1 foot from a point source of 1 candle. FLASHBLINDNESS: Flashblindness is a temporary loss of vision that persists after the bright light is terminated, e.g., from a camera flash. Flashblindness can last from several
27、seconds to several minutes. GLARE: Glare refers to temporary disruptions in vision without biological damage and is particularly disruptive under nighttime viewing conditions, especially when the eyes are fully dark-adapted. Glare effects are diminished as the observer looks away from the light sour
28、ce, e.g., headlights from an oncoming car at night. Glare is most pronounced when it occurs in the central field of view and only occurs during illumination. SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP5560 Page 5 of 35_HIGH-INTENSITY LIGHTS (HIL): lights, other than a laser light, exceeding 0.25 million candlepower that
29、are projected into the navigable airspace (e.g., searchlight, handheld spotlight, etc.).ILLUMINANCE: Photometric measure of luminous flux per unit area incident on a surface weighted by the luminosity function for a standard observer. The SI units for illuminance are lux (lumens/m2) or lumens/cm2(1
30、ft-c = 10.8 lux and 1 lux = 0.0929 ft-c). IRRADIANCE: Quotient of the radiant flux incident (from a particular direction) on an element of the surface containing the point at which irradiance is measured, by the area of that element (watt per square centimeter = W/m2).LUMEN (lm): A unit of luminous
31、flux equal to the amount of light given out through a solid angle of 1 steradian (SR) by a point source of 1 candela intensity radiating uniformly in all directions. LUMINAIRE: A complete lighting unit; an assemblage made up of the fixture, trim, and the lamp. LUMINANCE: Photometric measure of the d
32、ensity of luminous intensity per solid angle per unit area emitted from the source. The SI units for luminance are candles/cm2lm/(cm2SR) or candles/m2(1 ft-c = 10.8 lux and 1 lux = 0.0929 ft-c). LUX (lx): A unit of illumination equal to 1 lumen per square meter; 0.0929 ft-c. NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM
33、 (NAS): A complex, highly interactive “system of systems“ involving large numbers of subsystems and components on the ground, and in the aircraft including facilities, equipment, and computer hardware and software as well as the people which enable hundreds of thousands of users to fly safely every
34、day. NAVIGABLE AIRSPACE: For the purpose of this document, navigable airspace is that airspace that can contain aircraft. Navigable airspace is defined as airspace that is 500 feet from any structure in semi-populated areas. In heavily populated areas, aircraft are required to allow more distances f
35、rom structures. Near airports or heliports, navigable airspace extends to the runway. Helicopter operations may require additional considerations, since they are often flying below 500 feet. OPTICAL RADIATION: Nonionizing electromagnetic emissions in the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared wavelength
36、 ranges. PROPONENT: A person or organization proposing to install or use HIL; specifically, one who provides the FAA with information regarding the safety of a proposed HIL operation. RADIANCE: Radiant flux or power output per unit area per unit source solid angle (watts per square centimeter per st
37、eradian).RADIANT EXPOSURE: Surface density of the radiant energy received (joules per square centimeter). RADIANT INTENSITY: Radiant power emitted by a source per unit solid angle (watts per steradian). SAFETY OBSERVER: One who has been tasked with observing the airspace through which a HIL beam is
38、being projected to ensure that the beam does not illuminate any individual or object that could be injured, impaired, or damaged as a result of such an exposure. The observer must be trained and have the ability to immediately terminate the HIL. SOURCE: A source consists of either a single luminaire
39、 or combination of multiple luminaires (array) that directs light in a common direction. SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP5560 Page 6 of 35_3. BACKGROUND 3.1 Physics of Light The pertinent characteristics of light from HIL in the navigable airspace revolve around questions of illumination intensities great enou
40、gh to cause physical harm to humans or aircraft. However, the effects of HIL projected into the cockpit that can interfere with a pilot performing their operational duties are more relevant. Searchlights are considered a “collimated” light source. This is a column of light whose rays are projected i
41、n parallel. In the case of searchlights, the rays are approximately parallel, and the light beam may expand by 3 degrees. Searchlights within a few meters of the aircraft can not cause physical damage without prolonged exposure times. A laser, by comparison, can be tuned and focused so that it funct
42、ionally emits only a single wavelength of light. This narrow band emission remains well focused over distance as opposed to a searchlight. This focusing improves the visibility of a laser to the pilot and allows the deliverance of more power within a defined area. As a result, lasers may cause physi
43、cal damage to both humans and aircraft at extended distances.The major energy output of a laser is a specific wavelength. Helium-Neon lasers, for example, primarily produce energy at 632.8 nm, in a coherent beam. However, searchlights produce light across a broad spectrum. The typical searchlight bu
44、lb or carbon arc light source will produce significant energy from at least 280 nm through 1500 nm. The primary output of the searchlight is from approximately 400 to 700 nm, which is within the visible light spectrum. There is also significant ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) radiation output fro
45、m searchlights; beyond 100 meters, the UV and IR are not harmful to the human eye and skin. Multiple tests have validated the safety of searchlights at this distance. 3.2 Bioeffects and Physiology of Vision/Vision Effects from High-Intensity Lights The eye consists of the cornea, anterior chamber (a
46、 fluid-filled space between the cornea and the lens), the crystalline lens, vitreous, and retina. The retina contains the photoreceptor elements that, when stimulated by light, send signals to the brain that are perceived as vision. The fovea is the part of the retina on the central visual axis and
47、contains the highestconcentration of cone receptors. Cone receptors are responsible for color vision and also fine visual acuity often exceeding the standard 20/20 measurement. This range of vision is called photopic vision. The cones function best in relatively bright light such as daylight. The more numerous rod receptors are found in the peripheral retina and are 1000 times more sensitive to dim light than the cones. This range of vision is called scotopic vision. Intrabeam viewing of HIL can exceed exposure limits of the eye that can result in
